Unit 2 Study Guide

Question 1

Matter

Answer 1

Anything that takes up space and has matter

ex- computer / even gas molecules

Question 2

Element

Answer 2

Fundamental type of matter : substance with properties that cannot be broken down with other substances

Question 3

Atom

Answer 3

Smallest unit of an element that maintains the physical properties of the element
made up of protons-neutrons-electrons

Question 4

Proton

Answer 4

Positive charged subatomic particles in the nucleus of the atom -atomic number=6 protons-6 neutrons-6 electrons-6

Question 5

Electrons

Answer 5

Negatively charged particles around the nucleus of the atom Atomic number =7 protons-7 neutrons=7 electrons-7

Question 6

Neutrons

Answer 6

In the nucleus don’t have a charge usually have the same amount of protons

Question 7

Molecules

Answer 7

Combination of two or more atoms

Question 8

Compound combination

Answer 8

Atoms of 2 or more different elements

Question 9

Inorganic molecules

Answer 9

substances that aren’t organic

• Water
• Carbon Dioxide
• Oxygen
• Carbon monoxide
• Hydrochloric Acid

Question 10

Acids

Answer 10

Anything with a pH less than 7 (more hydrogen ) H+

ex-vinegar, HCL, lemon juice , rain water , acid rain , stomach acid, extreme acid rain ,car battery acid .

Question 11

Bases

Answer 11

Anything with a pH greater than 7 (more hydroxide) OH-

soaps, sodium hyrdroxide , ammonia , seawater , soft soap
industrial soaps have a pH of 12-14

Question 12

Water

Answer 12

Is neutral
pH=7
Equal number of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions .

Question 13

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 13

Helps keep water in the liquid state over a wide temperature range/ gives the water properties that make it a vital molecule of life.

• water is cohesive
• water resists temperature change
• ice insulates
• water can dissolve many chemicals (acts as a solvent)

Question 14

Carbohydrates

Answer 14

Include sugars and Starches
Sugars = glucose , fructose
Starches = potatoes, rice

Question 15

Lipids (fats)

Answer 15

The energy and structural components of cells

ex- fats, oils, waxy coating on plant leaves , cholesterol , steroids , forms cell membrane of the cell

Question 16

Proteins

Answer 16

Building block of protein are amino acids.

Enzymes (speed up chemical reactions)

Keratin - hair and nails

Collagen the fibers in ligaments and tendons

Question 17

Nucleic acid

Answer 17

DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid

RNA -protein synthesis (messenger)
*in some viruses RNA rather than DNA carries the genetic info.

Question 18

Degradable

Answer 18

Can be broken down

ex- paper , litter , banana peel , cotton rags , orange peels ,

Question 19

Biodegradable

Answer 19

Broken by living organisms/bacteria

ex - food

Question 20

Slowly degradable

Answer 20

Takes decades or longer to dissolve
ex-plastic , DDT , wool socks , milk cartons , leather shoes , nylon fabric , plastic bags , 6-pack rings , styrofoam cups

Question 21

Non degradable

Answer 21

Cannot be broken down

ex- lead, arsenic , mercury

Question 22

Kinetic energy

Answer 22

Energy from movement

-windmill turning, or us pedaling a bicycle, flow of wind , water heat or electrons-

Question 23

Potential energy

Answer 23

Stored energy that is potentially available

-tightly wound spring that has yet to be released-

Question 24

Chemical energy

Answer 24

Energy stored in chemical bonds between atoms

Question 25

High quality energy

Answer 25

Organized and concentrated small amounts of matter that can perform a great amount of useful work.

Question 26

Low quality energy

Answer 26

Highly disorganized/dispersed so it has the little ability to perform useful work ex- heat dispersed in a large volume of matter like air or water - amount of heat stored in ocean is greater than energy stored in oil deposits in Saudi Arabia but it cannot be harnessed to perform any useful work because it's dispersed over such a wide area.

Question 27

H molecule

Answer 27

Hydrogen

Question 28

C molecule

Answer 28

Carbon

Question 29

N molecule

Answer 29

Nitrogen

Question 30

P molecule

Answer 30

Phosphorus atomic number =15 protons-15 neutrons-15 electrons-15

Question 31

Cl molecule

Answer 31

Chlorine

Question 32

Fe molecule

Answer 32

Iron

Question 33

Hydrochloric acid

Answer 33

HCl=H+ + CL- | 1 hydrogen H+ and one Chloride Ion Cl-

Question 34

Sodium Hydroxide (EX)

Answer 34

one sodium Na+ , one hydroxide ion OH- more hydroxide ions are released making the solution basic NaOH = Na+ + OH-

Question 35

Scientific law

Answer 35

describes events/actions of nature that reoccur in the same way repeatedly. - consistent findings in nature that do not vary - Irrefutable observations - Usually describes discrete , natural phenomena * DO NOT CONFUSE WITH HYPOTHESIS OR THEORIES*

Question 36

Law of Conservation of Matter

Answer 36

Matter is neither created nor destroyed , merely changes chemical form -no matter escapes/leaves the atmosphere-

Question 37

First Law of Thermodynamics | All forms of energy follow this law

Answer 37

Energy is neither created nor destroyed, it only changes form. -potential energy in coal is used to generate electricity (form of kinetic energy) is used to light households etc.

Question 38

Second Law of Thermodynamics | energy goes from hi quality to low quality

Answer 38

When energy converts to another form - some of the useful energy is lost and the resulting form of energy is degraded into a lower quality form ex 1- burning gasoline moves a car 75-80% of the energy is released from the gasoline is now a low quality heat ex 2 - energy from a lightbulb 5% energy is useful - the rest is low quality heat. ex 3 - food energy - digestion breaks large molecules down to smaller molecules , when breaking these chemical bonds to convert potential energy into kinetic energy. smaller molecules have less potential energy = lower quality energy - heat from our bodies is lost in our surrounding environment which is an expression of the second law.

Question 39

Identify an example of an acid and base

Answer 39

Acid - Lemon Juice / Rain water | Base - Ammonia / Soap / Sea water

Question 40

Does Lemon juice have a high pH or low pH ?

Answer 40

Lemon water has a low pH

Question 41

What is the pH of water

Answer 41

7

Question 42

Describe an example of a carbohydrate , protein, lipid, and nucleic acid

Answer 42

Carbohydrate - Sugars and Starches - = Glucose and Rice Protein - Keratin , Collagen , Enzymes Lipids - Fats , Oils , Steroids , Cholesterol Nucleic Acids - RNA , DNA

Question 43

Describe an example of a carbohydrate , protein, lipid, and nucleic acid

Answer 43

Carbohydrate - Sugars and Starches - = Glucose and Rice | Protein - Enzymes (speed up) Keratin (Hair and Nails) Collagen (

Question 44

Describe an example of a carbohydrate , protein, lipid, and nucleic acid

Answer 44

Carbohydrate - Sugars and Starches - = Glucose and Rice | Protein - Enzymes (speed up) Keratin (Hair and Nails) Collagen (fibers in ligaments and tendons)

Question 45

Describe an example of a carbohydrate , protein, lipid, and nucleic acid

Answer 45

CARBOHYDRATE - Sugars and Starches - = Glucose and Rice PROTEIN - Enzymes (speed up) Keratin (Hair and Nails) Collagen (fibers in ligaments and tendons) LIPID - fats / oils NUCLEIC ACIDS- DNA and RNA

Question 46

What is the difference of kinetic energy and potential energy ?

Answer 46

Kinetic - Energy coming from movement | Potential - Stored energy waiting to be released

Question 47

Example of high quality energy and potential energy

Answer 47

High quality energy = Low quality energy =

Question 48

Example of high quality energy and potential energy

Answer 48

High quality energy = electricity , coal, gasoline, concentrated sunlight, uranium Low quality energy = heat dispersed in a large volume of matter like air or water

Question 49

Law of conservation of matter | example

Answer 49

matter is constantly changing form and is not destroyed nor created, and goes through a cycle. Example: Gold . When found it's changed from its raw form into another item- example a ring. That ring will possibly be melted into another item. The gold is never destroyed in the process but the form does change.

Question 50

First Law of Thermodynamics | example

Answer 50

Energy is neither created nor destroyed. | A hydraulic turbine

Question 51

First Law of Thermodynamics | example

Answer 51

Energy is neither created nor destroyed. A hydraulic turbine with the oceans natural current is being powered, once the current passes it continues, it doesn't stop thus not ending the process.

Question 52

Second Law of Thermodynamics | example

Answer 52

Energy begins high quality but turns into a lower quality - Solar power , the suns direct power hits the panels , but its no longer the raw energy of the sun , but instead some of the raw energy beams are then harvested and therefore that's how we power many other things and the power/energy quality slowly lowers and becomes degraded over time and by how often that energy has to travel from its original form.