Unit 2 Terminology

Question 1

Polymer

Answer 1

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds

Question 2

Monomer

Answer 2

The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer

Question 3

Enzymes

Answer 3

Protein catalysts

Question 4

Tuber

Answer 4

A short, thick underground plant stem

Question 5

Atherosclerosis

Answer 5

A cardiovascular disease in which fatty deposits develop on the inner walls of the arteries, obstructing the arteries and causing them to harden.

Question 6

Essentail fatty acid

Answer 6

An unsaturated fatty acid the n an animal needs but cannot make.

Question 7

Catalysts

Answer 7

A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

Question 8

Peptide bond

Answer 8

A chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water

Question 9

Denaturation

Answer 9

Disruption of the weak internal chemical bonds and interactions causes the proteins to lose its native shape

Question 10

Gene

Answer 10

A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence

Question 11

Organelles

Answer 11

Membrane enclosed structures within eukaryotic cells

Question 12

Cytology

Answer 12

The study of cells

Question 13

Biochemistry

Answer 13

The study of the chemical processes of cells

Question 14

Vesicle

Answer 14

A membranous sac in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell

Question 15

Glycoproteins

Answer 15

Proteins that have carbohydrates covalently boded to them

Question 16

Lysosome

Answer 16

Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes the tan animal cell uses to digest macromolecules

Question 17

Phagocytosis

Answer 17

Type of endocytosis in which large particles or small organisms are taken up by a cell

Question 18

Mitochondrion

Answer 18

An organelle in eukaryotic cells where cellular respiration occurs; uses oxygen and synthesizes ATP

Question 19

Chloroplast

Answer 19

Organelle found in pants and protists that absorb sunlight, using it so synthesize organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.

Question 20

Centrosome

Answer 20

Area of cytoplasm that functions as a microtubule-organz

Question 21

Integrin

Answer 21

A transmembrane receptor protein that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton

Question 22

Plasmodesmata

Answer 22

Open channels through the cell wall that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells

Question 23

Selective Permeability

Answer 23

Allows some substances to cross it more easily than others

Question 24

Amphipathic

Answer 24

Meaning on hydrophilic regions and one hydrophobic region

Question 25

Aquaporin

Answer 25

A channel protein in the plasma membrane that specifically facilitates the diffusion of free water across the membrane

Question 26

Diffusion

Answer 26

The movement of molecules of any substance so that they spread out evenly into the available space

Question 27

Concentration gradient

Answer 27

The region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases

Question 28

Osmosis

Answer 28

The movement of water across cell membranes and the balance of water between the cell and its environment are crucial to organisms

Question 29

Passive transport

Answer 29

The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane with expenditure of energy

Question 30

Tonicity

Answer 30

The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

Question 31

Osmoregulation

Answer 31

Regulation of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell or organism

Question 32

Tutor pressure

Answer 32

The force directed against a plant cell wall after the influx of water and swelling of the cell due to osmosis

Question 33

Plasmolysis

Answer 33

A phenomenon in walled cells in which the cytoplasm shrivels and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall; occurs when the cell loses water to a hypertonic environment

Question 34

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 34

The passage of molecules or ions down their electrochemical gradient across a biological membrane with the assistance of specific transmembrane transport protein, requiring no energy expenditure

Question 35

Membrane Potential

Answer 35

The difference in voltage across a cells plasma membrane due to the differential distribute not ions

Question 36

Ligand

Answer 36

Any molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site on another molecule

Question 37

Bioluminescence

Answer 37

Metabolic activity where the organism converts the energy stored in certain organic molecules to light

Question 38

Metabolism

Answer 38

The totality of an organisms chemical reactions

Question 39

Metabolic pathway

Answer 39

Begins with a specific molecule, which is then altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a certain product

Question 40

Bioenergetics

Answer 40

The study of how energy flows through living organisms

Question 41

Thermodynamics

Answer 41

The study of the energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter

Question 42

Entropy

Answer 42

A measure of disorder or randomness

Question 43

Chemical equilibrium

Answer 43

State in which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reactions.

Question 44

Energy coupling

Answer 44

The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one

Question 45

Catalyst

Answer 45

A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

Question 46

Mutation

Answer 46

A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organisms DNA or in the DNA OR RNA of a virus Allosteric regulation

Question 47

Allosteric Regulation

Answer 47

Any case in which a proteins function at on site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a separate site

Question 48

Fermentation

Answer 48

A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such was ethyl alcohol or lactic acid

Question 49

Aerobic Respiration

Answer 49

A catabolic pathway for organic molecules, using oxygen as the final electron acceptor in an exe torn transport chain

Question 50

Glycolysis

Answer 50

A series of reactions that split glucose up into pyruvate

Question 51

ATP synthase

Answer 51

A complex of several membrane proteins that function make ATP