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Intro Biology 101 > Unit 3 Terminology > Flashcards

Unit 3 Terminology Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The conversion of light energy to chemical energy; occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes

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2
Q

Autotrophs

A

Self feeders. They sustain themselves without eating anything denied from other living beings

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3
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Obtain their organic material by the second major mock of nutrition. Unable to their own food

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4
Q

Saprophagous

A

Pertaining to animals that feed on other dead animals and/or dead plants

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5
Q

Mesophyll

A

Leaf cells specialized for photosynthesis

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6
Q

Stoma

A

A microscopic pore surrounded guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between environment and the interior of the plant

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7
Q

Stroma

A

The dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane

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8
Q

Chlorophyll

A

A green pigment located in membranes within the chloroplast of plants and algae and in the membranes of certain prokaryotes

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9
Q

Carbon Fixation

A

The initial incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism

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10
Q

Photosystem

A

A light capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, consisting of a reaction centre complex surrounded by numerous light harvesting complexes

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11
Q

Thylakoid

A

A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast- the membrane converts light energy to chemical energy

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12
Q

Light harvesting complex

A

A group of proteins associated with pigment molecules that captures light energy and transfers it to reaction centre pigments in a photosystem

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13
Q

Photorespiration

A

A metabolic pathway in plants that consumes oxygen and ATP, releases carbon dioxide and decreases photosynthetic output

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14
Q

Bundle sheath cells

A

In C4 plants, a type of photosynthetic cell arranged into tightly packed cylinder around the veins of a leaf

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15
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death brought about by activation of enzymes that break down the cell

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16
Q

Signal transduction

A

The linkage of a stimulus to a specific cellular response.

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17
Q

Ligand

A

A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one.

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18
Q

Kinase

A

An enzyme the catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups

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19
Q

Scaffolding protein

A

A large relay protein to which several other relay proteins are attached, increasing the efficiency of signal transduction .

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20
Q

Genome

A

The genetic material of an organism or virus

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21
Q

Chromosome

A

A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consist of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins

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22
Q

Chromatin

A

The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes

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23
Q

Gamete

A

A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm

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24
Q

Centromere

A

In a duplicated chromosome, the region on each sister chromatid where they are most closely attached to each other by proteins

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25
Centrosome
A structure in the cytoplasm of animal cells contain gin two centrioles that function as a microtubule organizing centre. It where the mitotic spindle begins to form .
26
Kinetochore
A structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatic to the mitotic spindle
27
Cleavage
The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, the punching of the plasma membrane
28
Cleave furrow
The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove around the cell in the cell surface near the metaphase plate
29
Cell plate
A membrane bound, flattened sac located at the midline of a dividing plato cell inside which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis
30
Binary fission
A method of asexual reproduction by dividing in half
31
Checkpoint
A control point in the cell cycle where str and go ahead signals can regulate the cycle
32
Go phase
A non dividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes irreversibly
33
Transformation
The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell
34
Metastasis
The spread of cancer cells to locations distance from their original site
35
Heredity
The transmission of traits from one generation to the next
36
Genetics
The scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation
37
Gene
A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence
38
Somatic cell
Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors
39
Locus
A specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located
40
Clone
lineage of genetically identical individuals or cells
41
Life cycle
The generation to generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organisms, form conception to product not its own offspring
42
Karyotype
A display of the chromosome pairs of access arranged by size and shape
43
Homologous chromosomes s
A pair of chromosome of the same length, centromere position, and staining patter that posses genes of the same characters corresponding loci
44
Autosome
A chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex; not a sex chromosome
45
Fertilization
The union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote
46
zygote
The diploid cell produced by the union of haploid gametes during fertilization; a fertilized egg
47
Meiosis
A modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms consisting of two rounds of cell division but only one round of DNA replication. It results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell
48
Alternation of generations
A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid from, the sporophyte, and multicellular haploid from, the gametophyte
49
Gametophyte.
In organisms that have alternation of of generations, the multicellular haploid form that produces haploid gametes by mitosis. The haploid gametes unite and develop into sporophytes
50
Sporophyte
In organisms that have alternation of generations, the multicellular diploid form that results from the union of gametes. The sporophytes produces haploid spores by meiosis that develop into gametophytes
51
Allele
Any of the alternative version of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects
52
Synapsis
The paring and physical connections of duplicate homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis
53
Crossing over
The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between non sister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis
54
Chisma
The X-shaped, microscopically visible region where crossing over has occurred earlier in prophase I between homologous insister chromatids
55
Recombinant chromosome
A chromosome created when crossing over combines DNA from two parent into a single chromosome
56
Character
An observable heritable feature that may vary among individuals
57
Trat
One of two or more detectable variants in a genetic character
58
True-breeding
Referring to organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over any generation of self-pollination
59
Hybridization
In genetics, the mating, or crossing, of two true breeding varieties
60
Punnett square
A diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the predicted genotypic results of random fertilization in genetic crosses between individuals of known genotype
61
Homozygous
Having two identical alleles for a given gene
62
Heterozygous
Having two different alleles for a given gene
63
Phenotype
The observable anatomical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup
64
Genotype
The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism
65
Testcross
Breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determined the unknown genotype. tHe ratio of phenotypes i the offspring reveals the known genotype
66
Monohybrid
An organisms that is heterozygous with the respect to as single gene of interest
67
Monohybrid cross
A cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for the character being followed
68
Dihybrid
An organisms that is heterozygous with respect to two genes of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents doubly homozygous for different alleles are dihybrids
69
Dihybrid cross
A cross between two organisms that are each heterozygous for both of the characters being followed
70
Multiplication rule
A rule of probability stating that the probability of any one of two or more independent events occurring together can be determined by multiplying their individual probabilities
71
Addition rule
A rule of probability stating that the probability of any one of two or more mutually exclusive events occurring can be determined by adding their individual probabilities
72
Incomplete dominance
The situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele
73
Complete dominance
The situation in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable
74
Codominance
The situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways
75
Pleiotropy
The ability of a siege gene to have multiple effects
76
Epistasis
A type of gene interaction win which the phenotypic expression of on gene alters that of another independently inherited gene
77
Polygenic inheritance
An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character
78
Norm of reaction
The range of phenotype produced by a single genotype, due to environmental influences
79
Pedigree
A diagram of a family tree showing the occurrence of heritable characters in parent and offspring over multiple generations
80
Carrier
An individual who is heterozygous at a given genetic locus for a recessively inherited disorder. The heterozygote is generally phenotypically normal for the disorder but can pass on the recessive allele to offspring

Intro Biology 101 (5 decks)

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