Flashcards in Unit 2 - UK Economic Activity Deck (73)
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1
National Income
The value of goods and services produced by an economy in a given year - usually measure through GDP
2
Measuring National Income - Output Method
Final value of all goods and services produced in an economy in a year
3
Measuring National Income - Income Method
Total Incomes earned by households (from the factors of production) in a year
4
Measuring National Income - Expenditure method
Total money spent by households on the output of goods and services in a year.
Calculated using consumption + investment + government spending + (exports - imports)
5
Uses of GDP statistics
To check if policies have worked in improving the economy
To measure living standards
To compare with other countries
Used by international organisations (such as the EU) to decide how much each country should contribute
To decide how much aid the government should give to a country
6
Measures of National Income - GDP
Gross Domestic Product - Value of goods and services produced in the UK in a given year
7
Measures of National Income - GNP
Gross National Product - Value of goods and services produced by UK firms in a year
8
Measures of National Income - NNP
Net National Product - Value of goods and services produced by UK firms in a year, taking into account depreciation
9
Economic Growth
Increase in the productive capacity of the economy over a period of time i.e. A year
10
Recession
Two consecutive quarters of negative economic growth
11
Real GDP
Measure of the value of economic output that is adjusted for price changes (i.e. inflation/deflation)
12
Nominal GDP
Measure of the value of economic output without taking into account price changes (i.e. inflation/deflation)
13
Government Economic Aims - Growth
Stable economic growth - steady and controlled = 2%
14
Government Economic Aims - Unemployment
Low unemployment : around 3% - reduce structural and frictional unemployment
15
Government Economic Aims - Balance of Payments
Balance of payments balance - increase value of exports and reduce value of imports
16
Government Economic Aims - Inflation
Low inflation - Bank of England manage interest rates and money supply to achieve the targeted 2%
17
Government Economic Aims - Inequality
Low inequality - Reducing the gap between the rich and the poor
18
Inflation
A general rise in the level of prices of goods and services in a year
19
Measuring Inflation - CPI
Consumer Price Index - does not include housing costs and mortgages
20
Measuring Inflation - RPI
Same as Consumer Price Index but it includes housing costs and mortgages
21
Measuring CPI
Complete the Living Costs and Food Survey to find out what the average family buys
Create a basket of goods and give a weight to each item based on importance
Gather prices from retailers around the country
After a period of time, check prices from the last time and calculate a percentage change (per item)
Add up all the % changes and calculate the average change - this gives us the annual inflation figure
22
Causes of Inflation - Demand Pull
This is when demand in the economy increases and firms reach maximum capacity - so prices are bid up
23
Causes of Inflation - Cost Push
This is when the price of inputs increases (e.g. better wages demanded) so firms will increase prices to maintain their profit margin
24
Causes of Inflation - Monetary
This is when the money supply in the economy grows and consumers spend more money. This will drive up demand and hence prices.
25
Deflation
A general fall in the level of prices of goods and services in a year
26
Disinflation
A fall in the rise of the level of prices of goods and services in a year
27
Effects of Inflation - Individuals
Fall in purchasing power if incomes do not change with inflation - based on real income/wage
Savings value falls - based on real interest rate
Borrowers pay back less (in real terms)
Fiscal drag - can be dragged into a higher tax band
28
Effects of Inflation - Firms
Costs of Production could rise - e.g. wages; price spiral
Menu costs
Decrease in demand
29
Effects of Inflation - Government
Less Tax Revenue
Greater unemployment
Exports become less competitive
Imports increase
Reduces real economic growth
Greater inequality
30
