UNIT 2.1 Flashcards
(260 cards)
1
Q
To Purge
A
to force people to leave a place or organization because the people in power do not like them // literary to remove bad feelings // to remove something that is thought to be harmful or unacceptable
2
Q
Purge (n)
A
an action to remove your opponents or the people who disagree with you from an organization or a place
3
Q
Push
A
to try to persuade people to accept your ideas, opinions etc in order to achieve sth. Dip: dealing with people politely and skilfully without upsetting them
4
Q
Put sth back
A
to put people or things in the place or situation they were in before // to delay a process or activity by a number of weeks, months etc
5
Q
Put sth off
A
to delay doing sth or to arrange to do sth at a later time // to make you dislike sth or not want to do sth (Don’t let the restaurant’s decor put you off – the food is really good. Que te la baje)
6
Q
Quandary
A
a difficult situation or problem, especially one in which you cannot decide what to do
7
Q
Quarrel
A
An angry argument or disagreement between people, often about a personal matter
8
Q
Quash
A
to officially say that a legal judgment or decision is no longer acceptable or correct // to say or do something to stop something from continuing
9
Q
Quell
A
to end a situation in which people are behaving violently or protesting, especially by using force (Q the riot, disturbance, violence) // to reduce or stop unpleasant feelings such as fear, doubt, or worry
10
Q
Question the basic ethics of sth
A
.
11
Q
Quick on the draw
A
to be able to pull a gun out quickly in order to shoot
12
Q
Racked his brains
A
to try very hard to remember or think of something
13
Q
Rage
A
a strong feeling of uncontrollable anger
14
Q
Raging
A
very great and hard to control // continuing strongly and showing no signs of ending
15
Q
Rally protesters
A
A group of ppl who start fighting against the ppl in power to bring about a political change
16
Q
Rampage
A
to rush about in groups, acting in a wild or violent way
17
Q
Rampant (speculation)
A
lot of sth and it is very difficult to control (widespread)
18
Q
Rant
A
to talk or complain in a loud excited and rather confused way because you feel strongly about something
19
Q
Rather
A
fairly or to some degree
20
Q
Ratify
A
to make a written agreement official by signing it (ratify a treaty/an agreement/a decision etc)
21
Q
Reap
A
to get something, especially something good, as a result of what you have done (R the benefits,reward, profit (of sth))
22
Q
Reason
A
sensible judgement and understanding
23
Q
Recluse
A
smn who chooses to live alone, and does not like seeing or talking to other people
24
Q
Recur
A
to happen again, especially sth bad or unpleasant
25
Regain
to get sth back, especially an ability or quality, that you have lost
26
Rejection
the act of not accepting, believing in, or agreeing with something
27
Relinquish
to let smn else have your position, power, or rights, especially unwillingly (give up) (R control, responsibility)
28
Reluctant
slow and unwilling (R to do sth)
29
Remarkable
unusual or surprising and therefore deserving attention or praise
30
Render
to cause someone or something to be in a particular condition
31
Renewed
Starting again, especially with increased interest or strength (before Noun)
32
Replenish
to put new supplies into something, or to fill something again
33
Resentment
a feeling of anger because sth has happened that you think is unfair
34
Resolve
to make a definite decision to do sth (R to do sth) (R to defend)
35
Resolve
end a/the conflict.
36
Rest on/ upon
to depend on sth // to be based on a particular idea or set of facts
37
Retain
to keep sth or continue to have sth
38
Return fire
shoot back at smn who shot at them
39
Revenue
money that a business or organization receives over a period of time, especially from selling goods or service // money that the government receives from tax
40
Revolt
strong and often violent action by a lot of people against their ruler or government // a refusal to accept smn’s authority or obey rules or laws
41
Revolt
if people revolt, they take strong and often violent action against the government, usually with the aim of taking power away from them
42
Revolve around sb/sth
to have sth as a main subject or purpose
43
Revolving
to turn in circular movements
44
Rigorous
careful, thorough, and exact // very severe or strict
45
Riot
a situation in which a large crowd of people are behaving in a violent and uncontrolled way, especially when they are protesting about sth (urban, prison, race R) (R gear, shields)
46
Rip
to tear something or be torn quickly and violently
47
Rivalry
a situation in which two or more people, teams, or companies are competing for sth, especially over a long period of time, and the feeling of competition between them. (R between)
48
Rogue
to behave differently from other members of a group and often causing damage
49
Root
the main cause of a problem
50
Round of division
in the process of cell division, a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. Depending on the type of cell division – meiosis or mitosis – they divide into one or two rounds of DNA replication.
51
Row
A serious and generally noisy argument between people or organisations about something
52
Rub off
To start having (habits, quality, feeling) bc ppl around you has it // to remove something from a surface by rubbing it, or to come off a surface because of being rubbed
53
Rumination
the act of thinking carefully and deeply about sth
54
Savage
Very violent or cruel
55
Scheme
a system that you use to organise information, ideas etc
56
Screen
to check things to see whether they are acceptable or suitable // if something screens something else, it is in front of it and hides it
57
Screen
something tall and wide that hides a place or thing
58
Scrutinise
to examine someone or something very carefully
59
See eye to eye
Agree with sb
60
Seething crowd
angry crowd ( a large group of people who have gathered together to do sth, for example to watch sth or protest about sth)
61
Seize
to take hold of something suddenly and violentl
62
Seize a chance/an opportunity/the initiative
to quickly and eagerly do sth when you have the chance to
63
Seize power/ control (of sth)
to take control of a place suddenly and quickly, using military force
64
Seize/ grab/ grasp an opportunity
to eagerly and quickly use an opportunity to do sth
65
Self-esteem
the feeling of being satisfied with your own abilities, and that you deserve to be liked or respected (raise/build (up)/boost sb’s self-esteem) (low/poor self-esteem)
66
Self-incrimination
to say sth that makes you seem guilty of a crime
67
Self-renewal
the capacity of stem cells to divide and make copies of themselves through an endless process. It is a property of the skin, hair and bone cells.
68
Sell short
to not give someone or something the praise, attention, or reward that they deserve
69
Senseless
happening or done for no good reason or with no purpose
70
Serve
to be useful or helpful for a particular purpose or reason (S as) (serve the needs/interests of sb/sth) // to have a particular effect or result (S as) (S to do sth )
71
Serve sth out
to complete a particular period of time in prison or doing a job
72
Setback
a difficulty or problem that delays or prevents sth, or makes the situation worse // misfortunes
73
Settle
Put an end to an argument/disagreement. Collocations: normally used with the following nouns: argument, conflict, differences, dispute, quarrel.
74
Settlement
an official agreement or decision that ends an argument, a court case, or a fight, or the action of making an agreement
75
Shallow
not interested in or not showing any understanding of important or serious matters – used to show disapproval
76
Shattered
destroyed
77
Shed
to get rid of something that you no longer need or want
78
Sheer
straight up or down in an almost vertical line
79
Sheer
to change direction suddenly, especially in order to avoid something
80
Shirk
to deliberately avoid doing something you should do, because you are lazy
81
Shock absorber
smn who smooths things over all the time or keeps the peace and avoids conflict in their relationships // to react calmly to surprises, changes and crises. They absorb problems and spread calm to others.
82
Shock amplifiers
responds to similar situations with panic or distress. They react emotionally and set off a tidal wave of contagious panic that spreads to others.
83
Shooting rampage
.
84
Shooting spree
the shooting of a number of people
85
Shoulder the responsibility
to accept a difficult or unpleasant responsibility, duty etc
86
Shrug sth off
to treat sth as unimportant and not worry about it
87
Shut down
to stop operating or to cause a piece of equipment to stop operating
88
Shut off
to stop the flow or supply of sth
89
Sidelines
an activity that you do as well as your main job or business, in order to earn more money
90
Silver-bullet solution
something that solves a difficult problem very quickly and easily
91
Simmer
to develop gradually over a long period of time
92
Simmering
developing slowly (as a form of pent-up emotion)
93
Sizable
fairly large (amount of money)
94
Slander
a false spoken statement about someone, intended to damage the good opinion that people have of that person
95
Slash
To make a long, deep cut; reduce by a large amount
96
Slate
a list of people that voters can choose in an election, or who are being considered for an important job
97
Slate
to criticize a book, film etc severely, especially in a newspaper
98
Slaughter
when large numbers of people are killed in a cruel or violent way
99
Slaughter
to kill a lot of people in a cruel or violent way (butcher)
100
Sleep on it
to not make a decision about something important until the next day
101
Slimy
friendly in an unpleasant way that does not seem sincere – used to show disapproval
102
Slippery slope
involved in a course of action that is difficult to stop and that will eventually lead to failure or trouble.
103
Smooth
happening or operating successfully, without any problems (S running, operation)
104
Smoulder
to develop gradually over a long period of time
105
Smoulder
Lit mng: burn slowly with smoke but no flame. Fig mng: show or feel barely suppressed anger, hatred, or another powerful emotion.
106
Snag
a problem or disadvantage, especially one that is not very serious, which you had not expected
107
Snapping
Lit mng: to break sth suddenly with a sharp noise; to be broken in this way. Fig mng: the moment when one loses one’s self-control.
108
Snares
something that is intended to trick someone and get them into a difficult situation
109
Snatch
to take hold of something suddenly and roughly
110
Sneer
to smile or speak in a very unkind way that shows you have no respect for smn or sth (S at)
111
Snitch on someone
to tell someone in authority about something that another person has done wrong, because you want to cause trouble for that person
112
Snub
to treat someone rudely, especially by ignoring them when you meet
113
Snub
an act of snubbing someone
114
Social settings
a group of people gathered together for pleasure.
115
Solve
Find the solution/implement it.
116
Sort it out
to successfully deal with a problem or difficult situation (BrE) // to succeed in making arrangements for something
117
Sort itself out
(BrE) stops being a problem without you having to do anything
118
Source of
the cause of sth, especially a problem, or the place where it starts
119
Spark
a small action or event that causes sth to happen, especially trouble or violence // cause sth to start/develop, esp. suddenly
120
Spark (off)
to cause sth to start or develop, especially suddenly. To be the cause of sth, especially trouble or violence
121
Sparkle
if someone’s eyes sparkle, they seem to shine brightly, especially because the person is happy or excited
122
Spawn
to make a series of things happen or start to exist
123
Spleen
anger, especially unreasonable or unfair anger // a feeling of anger and disagreement (a fit/burst of S)
124
Spoiling for a fight
eager to fight or argue
125
Spray
if liquids or small bits spray somewhere, they are quickly scattered through the air
126
Spray of bullets/gravel
a lot of bullets or very small objects moving quickly through the air
127
Spray sb/sth with bullets
to shoot a lot of bullets towards a person or place very quickly
128
Spread
to become known about or used by more and more people
129
Squabble
It is a minor fight or argument as between children
130
Squabble
to argue about something unimportant
131
Squander
To waste // to carelessly waste money, time, opportunities etc
132
Stakeholders
smn, usually a lawyer, who takes charge of a property during a quarrel or a sale // smn who has invested money into sth, or who has some important connection with it, and therefore is affected by its success or failure
133
Stalemate
a situation in which it seems impossible to settle an argument or disagreement, and neither side can get an advantage
134
Stand at a crossroads where the future of the human race is at stake
a time when someone has to make very important decisions which will affect their future
135
State of affairs
a situation// a condition or way of being that exists at a particular time
136
State-of-the-art
using the most modern and recently developed methods, materials, or knowledge // very modern and using the most recent ideas and methods:
137
Stave (sth) off
To stop sth bad happening for a while // to keep someone or something from reaching you or affecting you for a period of time
138
Stem cells
Cells that remain “less” differentiated and retain their ability to give rise to other cell types. They are undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into specialised cells or can divide to produce more of their own. There are three main types of stem cell: embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells.
139
Stem from
To result, issue or proceed from. To start/develop as the result of sth.
140
Step away from
to stop being involved in sth:
141
Step into
to start doing something, or become involved in a situation
142
Step into moral snares
sth that is intended to trick smn and get them into a difficult situation
143
Stifling
a situation that is stifling stops you from developing your own ideas and character
144
Stigma-loaded
full of (stigma)
145
Stinging
that very strongly criticises smn or sth (a S statement, attack, report, letter) ( /ˈstɪŋɪŋ/)
146
Stir (sb/ sth) up
to cause arguments or bad feelings between people (To SU hostilities)
147
Stir things up
cause an unpleasant emotion/problem to begin to grow; cause trouble.
148
Strain
a difficulty or problem that is caused when a person, relationship, organization, or system has too much to do or too many problems to deal with
149
Stranglehold
a complete power or control over a person or situation // complete control over a situation, organisation etc
150
Streak of
a part of someone’s character that is different from the rest of their character
151
Streak of violence
a period of time during which violence continues to be present or exist
152
Stricken
very badly affected by trouble, illness, unhappiness etc
153
Stringent
a very strict law, rule or standard which must be obeyed // stringent economic conditions exist when there is a severe lack of money and strict controls on the supply of money
154
Stroll
Literal meaning: to walk in a leisurely way. Figurative meaning: becoming closer to an unpleasant situation, especially without being aware of it.
155
Stroll toward the edge
.
156
Strong-willed
knowing exactly what you want to do and being determined to achieve it, even if other people advise you against it
157
Struggle
a long hard fight to get freedom, political rights etc // a long period of time in which you try to deal with a difficult problem
158
Struggle
to try extremely hard to achieve sth, even though it is very difficult // to fight smn who is attacking you or holding you, especially so that you can escape
159
Stumbling block
a problem or difficulty that stops you from achieving something
160
Stymie
to prevent someone from doing what they have planned or want to do ( /ˈstaɪmi/)
161
Subsistence
the condition of only just having enough money or food to stay alive
162
Subsistence agriculture
farming that produces just enough food for the farmer to live on, but does not produce enough food to sell to other people
163
Subsistence allowance/payment etc
money that is paid to someone so that they can buy meals, pay for a place to stay etc
164
Substandard
not as good as the average, and not acceptable
165
Subvocalisation
self-talk // involving the formation of words solely in the mind
166
Sudden
Happening, coming, or done quickly or when you do not expect it
167
Support
approval, encouragement, and perhaps help for a person, idea, plan etc
168
Supressed
To stop yourself from showing your feelings
169
Surge
to suddenly move very quickly in a particular direction (S forward, through, across) // if a feeling surges or surges up, you begin to feel it very strongly // if a large amount of a liquid, electricity, chemical etc surges, it moves very quickly and suddenly
170
Suspend
to officially stop something from continuing, especially for a short time
171
Suspend disbelief
to try to believe that sth is true, for example when you are watching a film or play
172
Suspend judgement
to decide not to make a firm decision or judgement about sth until you know more about it
173
Sustainable
able to continue without causing damage to the environment // able to continue for a long time
174
Sweeping
affecting many things, or making an important difference to sth (sweeping changes/cuts/reforms etc)
175
Sweeping statement/ argument
a statement etc that is too general and that does not consider all the facts – used to show disapproval
176
Swirling crowds
mucha gente reunida en una marcha, festival, concierto, etc.
177
Sympathetic listeners
focuses on the feelings and emotions of the speaker
178
Take sb on
to agree to do some work or be responsible for sth // to begin to have a particular quality or appearance // to compete against smn or start a fight with smn, especially smn bigger or better than you
179
Take sth out on sb
to treat smn badly because you feel angry or frustrated
180
Take the blame for something
say that something is your fault
181
Talking points
(BrE) a subject that a lot of people want to talk about
182
Tamper with
to touch sth or make changes to it without permission, especially in order to deliberately damage it
183
Temper
a tendency to become angry suddenly or easily// the way you are feeling at a particular time, especially when you are feeling angry for a short time
184
Terror group
.
185
The lesser of two evils
the less unpleasant or harmful of two unpleasant choices
186
The snapping moment
the triggering incident
187
Thorny
complicated and difficult
188
Threshold
the level at which something starts to happen or have an effect // at the beginning of a new and important event or development
189
Tie
to fasten things together or hold them in a particular position using a piece of string, rope etc
190
Tied to sth
to be related to sth and dependent on it
191
Tied to/ by sth
to be restricted by a particular situation, job etc, so that you cannot do exactly what you want
192
Tinker
to make small changes to sth in order to repair it or make it work better
193
Tirade
A long angry speech criticising sb or sth
194
Topple
to take power away from a leader or government, especially by force (overthrow)
195
Trace sth back to
to find the origins of when something began or where it came from
196
Trade insults
to insult or hit each other during an argument or fight
197
Trade-off
a balance between two opposing things, that you are willing to accept in order to achieve sth (a trade-off between sth and sth)
198
Trait
a particular quality in smn’s character
199
Trdade-off
to balance one situation or quality against another, in order to produce an acceptable result
200
Trifle
something unimportant or not valuable
201
Trifle with sb/sth
to treat someone or something without respect or not in a serious way
202
Trigger (sth) (off)
to make sth happen very quickly, especially a series of events.
203
Trigger all manner of unregulated behaviour
provoke all kinds of unchecked actions
204
Trumpet
To speak publicly and in a forceful way about sth you are proud of or think is important
205
Tug
A sudden strong feeling
206
Tug-of-war
a situation in which two people or groups try very hard to get or keep the same thing
207
Tugging
Literal meaning: to pull sth hard, often several times. Figurative meaning: remorse.
208
Turmoil
a state of confusion, excitement, or anxiety (political/emotional/economic/religious etc turmoil) / (in (a) turmoil)
209
Types of Conflict
Community, diplomatic, emotional, economic, environmental resources, external, group, ideological, international, interpersonal, intrastate, intrapersonal, organisational, military, data, relationshipp, racial, workplace, religious based
210
Unassertive
not assertive or aggressive; timid
211
Unbridled
not controlled and too extreme or violent (/ʌnˈbraɪdld/)
212
Uncommitted
not having decided or promised to support a particular group, political belief etc
213
Uncover
to find out about something that has been kept secret
214
Undergo
an unpleasant experience etc, it happens to you or is done to you
215
Underlying
the cause, idea etc that is the most important, although it is not easily noticed
216
Undermine
to gradually make smn or sth less strong or effective
217
Undertake
to accept your responsibility for a piece of work, and start to do it // agree to or commit oneself to sth. or to do sth.
218
Undertake to do sth
to promise or agree to do sth
219
Unfathomable
too strange or mysterious to be understood
220
Unfettered
not restricted by laws or rules
221
Unleash
to suddenly let a strong force, feeling etc have its full effect
222
Unmet
needs, demands etc have not been dealt with
223
Unrelenting
an unpleasant situation that is unrelenting continues for a long time without stopping // continuing to do sth in a determined way without thinking about anyone else’s feelings
224
Unresolved
an unresolved problem or question has not been answered or solved or concluded.
225
Unrest
a political situation in which people protest or behave violently
226
Unveil
to show or tell people about a new product or plan for the first time//to inform people about something, especially financial results or a new product // to remove the cover from something, especially as part of a formal ceremony
227
Unwilling
not wanting to do something and refusing to do it // before N: not wanting to do something but doing it
228
Unwilling to make concessions
SYN: a) Stand firm b) Remain adamant c) Not give/budge an inch d) Dig one´s heels in e) Stay put
229
Upend
to turn sth over so that it is upside down // to affect or upset drastically
230
Uplift
making you feel happier and more hopeful // an increase in something
231
Uprising
an attempt by a group of people to change the government, laws etc in an area or country (Rebellion) (Popular, armed U)
232
Urge
to strongly suggest that smn does sth (U sb to do sth/ U that/ U sth on/upon sb)
233
Vent the spleen at/on sb else
to express angry feelings // get angry at sb
234
Vicarious
experienced by watching or reading about smn else doing sth, rather than by doing it yourself
235
Violent
Showing very strong angry emotions or opinions // involving actions that are intended to injure or kill people // armed conflicts -> use of armed forces
236
Virtual
very nearly a particular thing
237
Vital
Extremely important and necessary for sth to succeed or exist
238
Volatile
Quality of being likely to change suddenly and unexpectedly // someone who is volatile can suddenly become angry or violent
239
Vow
to make a serious promise to yourself or smn else
240
Warrant
to need or deserve // to promise that sth is true
241
Warrant
a legal document that is signed by a judge, allowing the police to take a particular action
242
Weakling
smn who is not physically strong
243
Wealth
a large amount of money, property etc that a person or country owns
244
Wealth of sth
a lot of sth useful or good
245
Wear sb out
to make someone feel extremely tired
246
Wear sth out
to become damaged and useless, or to make something like this, by using it a lot or for a long time
247
Weigh up
to calculate, estimate; to consider
248
Whole-hearted
involving all your feelings, interest etc
249
Wholesale
the business of selling goods in large quantities at low prices to other businesses, rather than to the general public
250
Widespread
Existing or happening in many places or situations, or among many people
251
Window of opportunity
a short period of time that is available for a particular activity
252
Withstand
to defend yourself successfully against ppl who attack, criticise, or oppose you
253
Work through
to deal with problems or unpleasant feelings
254
Wrangle
an argument that is complicated and continues over a long period of time
255
Wrangle
to argue with someone angrily for a long time
256
Wrong
to treat or judge smn unfairly
257
WTO
World Trade Organization (Organización Mundial del Comercio)
258
Yes people
(also “Yes-Man”) a person who agrees with everything that is said. especially : one who endorses or supports without criticism every opinion or proposal of an associate or superior.
259
Yield
to allow yourself to be forced or persuaded to do sth or stop having sth (give in) // to stop fighting and accept defeat. SYN surrender
260
Yield
the amount of profits, crops etc that something produces
