unit 2.1

Question 1

2 major groups flowers are divided into

Answer 1

flowering eg daisies
non flowering eg fens and mosses

Question 2

2 major groups animals are divided into

Answer 2

invertebrates - animals without a back bone eg insects
vertebrates - animals with a backbone eg mammals

Question 3

2 ways organisms can be classified

Answer 3

by their morphological characteristics which are their internal and external structures eg colour of them
dna analysis - looking for similarities in their dna

Question 4

what allow animals to develop adaptations to live in different environmental conditions

Answer 4

features or characteristics

Question 5

morphological adaptations for arctic fox to ___________

Answer 5

RETAIN HEAT
-thick layer of fur and body fat
-rounded shape and compact features eg small ears so higher volume and smaller surface area
-quite large body mass
-white fur coat to camouflage and hide from predators and sneak up on preys

Question 6

morphological adaptations of a fennec fox to ____________

Answer 6

LOSE HEAT
-larger ears so larger surface area compared to volume
-thin layer of body fat

Question 7

what are morphological adaptations

Answer 7

features of a organisms body structure eg shape or colour

Question 8

behavioural adaptation meaning

Answer 8

ways an organism behaves

Question 9

how are antelopes behavioural adapted

Answer 9

they live in groups so they have more eyes for predators, increasing chances of survival

Question 10

how are birds behavioural adapted

Answer 10

they migrate to a warmer climate during winder to avoid problems of living in cold conditions

Question 11

what do plants need to survive

Answer 11

plants - food, space, light, minerals from soil

Question 12

what do animals need to survive

Answer 12

space, shelter, food, water, mates

Question 13

3 things that can limit population

Answer 13

competition, predation, disease

Question 14

interspecific and intraspecific competition meaning

Answer 14

interspecific - with different species for the same resources
intraspecific - with members in their own species for the same resources

Question 15

example of inter and intra specific competition

Answer 15

red and grey squirrels for food
plants for light

Question 16

how does pollutants affect pop size (3)

Answer 16

1) pesticides build up through bioaccumulation, reducing pop size of animal at top of food chain
2) excess fertilisers released into lakes and ponds leads to eutrophication
3) air pollution can kill sensitive plants species and lichens

Question 17

how does predation affect pop size

Answer 17

decreased number of lions (predators) then gazelles (prey’s) increase as fewer are eaten by lions

Question 18

how does disease affect pop size

Answer 18

new pathogen introduced in community means more die due to illness

Question 19

how can maintaining biodiversity benefit humans

Answer 19

• develop new medicines
• current and new food
• industrial material and fuel
• human wellbeing

Question 20

ways biodiversity and endangered species can be protected (5)

Answer 20

• seed or sperm banks can be kept so genetic material from different species and endangered are preserved
• captive breeding programmes capture animals to breed them and increase pop before released back to wild
• SSSI’s or national parks ensure they’re kept safe from harmful activities eg hunting
• CITES is an agreement with the government to restrict international trade aiming to protect endangered plant and animals
• local biodiversity action plans attempt to protect species and restore habitats

Question 21

use of legalisation to protect biodiversity problem

Answer 21

creating protected areas eg SSSI’s protect wildlife but restrict further development for farmers eg agriculture to expand to keep their farm in profit

Question 22

abundance of an organism meaning

Answer 22

how many individuals you find in an area eg pop size

Question 23

distribution of an organism meaning

Answer 23

where an organism can be found in an habitat eg part of a field

Question 24

why are samples taken

Answer 24

as it’s too time consuming to measure abundance and distribution

Question 25

how to use a quadrant to study the abundance of small organisms (4)

Answer 25

1) place it on the ground at a random point within your chosen sample area (eg with random number generator) 2) count how many organisms within quadrant that you’re interested in 3) repeat steps 1 and 2 lots of times to increase validity 4) work out mean number of organisms per m2

Question 26

how can you use transects to study the distribution of organisms along a line (2)

Answer 26

1) mark out a line in the area you want to study using a tape measure 2) count all the organisms your interested in that are touching the line OR use a quadrat

Question 27

how will you investigate how factors affect the distribution of organisms in a habitat

Answer 27

by measuring environmental factors eg light intensity or soil pH

Question 28

what are quadrats used for

Answer 28

estimating the population size of an organism in an area

Question 29

what are transects used for

Answer 29

to find out how many organism are distributed across an area

Question 30

steps of how you can estimate animal pop sizes with capture and recapture (4)

Answer 30

1) capture a sample of the pop and mark the animals in a harmless way 2) release them 3) recapture another sample of the pop and count how many are marked 4) use equation

Question 31

what assumptions need to be made for the capture and recapture method

Answer 31

1) theres been no change in the population size eg no deaths, births, immigrations or emigrations 2) the marking used hasn’t affected the animals chances of survival

Question 32

what’s an alternative to using pesticides

Answer 32

biological control (agents)

Question 33

2 examples of biological control agents

Answer 33

1) ladybirds which are aphid predators are released into fields to decrease pests 2) wasps and flys produce larvae which selection on or in a host insect and kills them

Question 34

2 reasons why biological controls are positive

Answer 34

1) safer than pesticides as no chemicals are used hence a lower risk to people eating the food, no pollution and no passing chemicals along the food chain 2) longer lasting effect that pesticides so no need to keep repeating treatment

Question 35

what’s an invasive species

Answer 35

species introduced to an area that it doesn’t naturally occur in and cause problems for local wildlife

Question 36

how did cane toads become a major pest

Answer 36

they poison native species who eat them

Question 37

2 ways invasive species can cause problems

Answer 37

1) growing faster than native species which upset the eco system eg japanese knotweed took over an area preventing other plants from growing and reducing biodiversity 2) native species can’t compete with inactive for resources like food and shelter eg crayfish preyed and outcompeted native river species and carried disease, killing native crayfish

Question 38

what do scientists do before a biological controls agent is used

Answer 38

scientists research so they understand it and know how to best control it through trials which access the effect of them onto native species

Question 39

what is the taxonomic hierarchy?

Answer 39

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Question 40

Why is it important to use a scientific name to identify and classify organisms?

Answer 40

avoid duplication by common names and it can be recognised in all countries