unit 3- Flashcards
1
Q
what substances do organisms need to exchange
A
co2 water urea nutrients o2 heat
2
Q
smaller organisms have _____surface area to volume ratio
A
larger
3
Q
bigger organisms have _____surface area to volume ratio
A
smaller
4
Q
quantity of substances is dependant on what
A
volume
5
Q
rate of diffusion dependent on what
A
SA and diffusion distance
6
Q
how are they adapted to have a higher diffusion and quantity of substances?
A
- specialised exchange surface (increases SA not volume)
- transport system (reduce diffusion distance)
7
Q
how to calculate volume
A
height x width x length
8
Q
how to calculate surface area
A
find the area of each side and x by how many of those faces there are then add them all together
9
Q
how do smaller animals compensate for their heat loss
A
higher metabolism to generate more heat
10
Q
the rate of diffusion relies on
A
concentration gradient, surface area, surface thickness
11
Q
what do palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll do
A
many cells give large surface area
12
Q
what do air space do in plants
A
allow gases to diffuse easily within leaf
13
Q
exoskeleton
A
- chitin covered by waterproof cuticle
- reduces evaporation
14
Q
abdominal muscles
A
regularly move to pump air in and out to maintain conc gradient
15
Q
trachea
A
- passage ways
- highly branched increases SA
16
Q
spiracles
A
can close if insect loses too much water
-have muscles surrounding them
17
Q
tracheole
A
- branched increases SA
- they go directly to individual cells- decreases diffusion distance
- thin permeable walls decreases diffusion distance
18
Q
what do the hairs around the spiracles do?
A
traps water vapour and reduces loss by diffusion
19
Q
counter current flow
A
- maintains conc gradient o2 between the blood and water along all the gill
- water and blood flowing in opposite directions
- blood always passing water with higher conc of o2
20
Q
where is the highest o2 conc in gills?
A
fresh water coming in
21
Q
where is the lowest o2 conc in gills?
A
blood from the body
22
Q
gill filaments
A
many gill filaments increases surface area
23
Q
what are gill filaments covered in?
A
many lamallae
24
Q
what do the many lamallaes do?
A
increase surface area
25
what does each lamallae have?
it is full of many capillaries which maintains conc gradient
26
lamallae has what cells?
very thin layer of epithelium cells that decreases diffusion distance
27
breathing in
- air enters the trachea
- which splits in to 2 bronchi- one bronchus leading to one lung
- each bronchus branches off into smaller tubes called bronchioles, which end in aveoli
28
inspiration
- air flows into lungs down pressure gradient
- intercostal muscles contract raising the volume inside the thorax
- diaphragm contracts lowering the diaphragm and increasing the volume inside the thorax
29
expiration
- air flows down out the lungs down a pressure gradient
- external intercostal muscles relax causing ribs to move inwards and outwards, decreasing volume inside thorax
- diaphragm muscles relax causing diaphragm to become curved again decreasing the volume inside thorax
30
trachea
- cartilage rings keep it open/ stop from collapsing
- smooth muscle and elastic fibres
- ciliated epithelium use cilia to move mucus where its coughed or swallowed pathogens killed by stomach
- small blood vessels
- mucus secreting gland- released by goblet cells traps dust and pathogens
31
adaptations of aveoli
- large surface area -many aveoli
- thin wall and the cells of the wall are flattened decreases diffusion distance
- oxygen rich blood replaced with oxygen-poor blood maintaining steep diffusion gradient
32
what does the permeability of the aveoli wall do
allows oxygen to pass into the cells but also lets water out so gas exchange surface is always moist
33
tidal volume
the volume of air in each breath usually between 0.4dm3 and 0.5dm3 for adults
34
ventilation rate
the number of breaths per min for a healthy person at rest is about 15 breaths
35
forced expiratory volume FEV
the maximum volume of air that can be breathed out in 1 second
36
forced vital capacity FVC
the maximum volume of air it is possible to breathe forcefully out of the lungs after a really deep breath in
37
pulmonary ventilation
tidal volume x ventilation rate
38
pulmonary tuberculosis cause
- tuberculosis bacteria has the immune system building a wall around it in the lungs and forms hard lumps (tubercles)
- infected tissue dies gaseous exchange surface is damaged tidal volume decreases
39
pulmonary tuberculosis symptoms
- persistent cough
- coughing up blood - mucus
- chest pain
- shortness of breath
- fatigue
40
TB effect
ventilation rate increases less air can be inhaled and it reduces tidal volumes
41
fibrosis cause
- formation of scar tissues in the lungs
- this can result in an infection thicker less elastic
- lungs less able to expand cant hold much air
- diffusion slower- thicker scarred membrane
42
fibrosis symptoms
fatigue, weakness, chest pain, dry cough, shortness of breath
43
fibrosis effect
faster ventilation rate than normal to get enough air into their lungs to oxygenate their blood
44
asthma cause
- airways inflamed = irritated
| - smooth muscle lining in bronchioles contract and large amount of mucus is produced- constriction of airways
45
asthma symptom
wheezing, shortness of breath, tight chest
46
asthma effect
less oxygen enters aveoli and into blood reduced air flow means that FEV is severely reduced
47
emphysema cause
- smoking or long term exposure to air pollution trapped in aveoli causing inflammation attracting phagocytes- produce breaking down elastic
- aveoli cant recoil to expel air
- reduces SA- gaseous exchange decreases
48
emphysema symptoms
shortness of breath and wheezing
49
emphysema effect
increased ventilation rate to increase amount of air reaching their lungs
50
digestion
the process in which larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules to allow nutrients to be absorbed
51
absorption
the process by which nutrients move across the cells of the alimentary canal wall
52
the process of eating
ingestion -> digestion -> absorption -> assimilation -> elimination
53
alimentary canal
long continuous open ended tube from mouth to anus
54
what breaks down starch
amylase
| starch -> maltose
55
what are the membrane bound disaccharides
maltose, sucrose, lactos
56
where is amylase produced
from salivary glands
57
what is the enzyme that breaks down polypeptide
proteases or peptidases
58
endopeptidases
hydrolyse peptide bonds inside the protein
- pepsin- stomach- gastric juice
- trypsin- small intestine- pancreatic juice
59
exopeptidases
hydrolyse peptide bonds at the ends of proteins- removing single amino acids
-dipeptidases= hydrolysing the single bond in dipeptide
60
features of small intestine
folding of the cell wall and villi which all increase surface area
61
villi
has many capillaries meaning rich blood supply
62
features of epithelium cells
- microvilli increases SA
- membrane bound enzyme
- membrane proteins for transport
- lots of mitochondria they produce ATP
63
simple diffusion
high conc, passive and down con gradient
64
facilitated diffusion
high conc, passive, down con gradient, carrier or channel protein
65
active transport
low conc, carrier protein, active (requires ATP) against conc gradient
66
co-transport
cotransporter proteins
ion goes high to low conc down conc gradient
amino acid low to high against conc gradient
67
endocytosis
outside cell into cell uses ATP
68
exocytosis
inside cell to outside
69
definition of bronchi (bronchus)
tubes lined with cartilage that branch from trachea and conduct air to the bronchioles
