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Microbiology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Endemic vs Epidemic vs Pandemic

A

Endemic: constant, always in the community, localized (STI’s)
Epidemic: outbreak within a country
Pandemic: cross-continental outbreak (COVID)

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2
Q

Acute vs Chronic vs Latent

A

Acute: Short (Incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, convalescence, recovery)
Chronic: Long lasting (Incubation, prodromal, illness)
Latent: Dormant until its not (Incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, convalescence, latent period, illness…etc)

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3
Q

Signs vs Symptoms

A

Sign: measured/seen (cough, vomiting, rash, etc.)
Symptom: how one feels (headaches, body aches, fatigue)

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4
Q

Primary vs Secondary infections

A

Primary: weakens the immune systems (AIDS)
Secondary: opportunistic, usually cause death (Tuberculosis)

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5
Q

Bacteremia vs Sepsis

A

Bacteremia: bacteria in the blood
Septicemia: bacteria growing in the blood

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6
Q

Reservoir

A

Where the microbe is naturally found

  • Living: humans, animals (zoonosis), arthropods (mosquitos, ticks, fleas)
  • Nonliving: soil, water, air
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7
Q

Portal of Entry

A

Microbe getting inside the host

  • Mucus membranes: respiratory, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, conjunctiva
  • Parenteral: punctures, any break in the skin
  • Skin: microbe burrows through the skin (helminths)
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8
Q

Pathogen Transmission

A

Reservoir to the host

  • Direct contact: person-to-person, droplets (coughing, sneezing), vector (biological-> bites, mechanical-> touching) (arthropods)
  • Indirect contact: Fomites (inanimate objects), vehicles (food, water, air, soil)

“fecal-oral route” not a category, but can be added to further describe transmission.

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9
Q

Normal Flora

A

Long time, no harm, “good” bacteria

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10
Q

Transient flora

A

short term, pathogenic, “bad” bacteria

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11
Q

Microbial antagonism of normal flora

A

Normal flora compete with transient flora for space and nutrients

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12
Q

Bacterial Adhesins

A

Attach to host glycoproteins

Fimbriae, pili, biofilms

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13
Q

Bacterial Invasion

A

Membrane Ruffling: bacteria induces endocytosis and enters host cell

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14
Q

Bacterial Evasion

A
  • Antiphagocytic structures: capsules, waxes (mycolic acid TB)
  • Antigenic variation: changes how it looks
  • mimicking host cells
  • Hiding inside phagocytes
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15
Q

Enzymes that help bacteria

A
  • Hyaluronidase: breaks down hyaluronic acid (holds together connective tissue)
  • Kinase: breaks down blood clots
  • Coagulase: forms blood clots
  • IgA protease: breaks down antibodies (specifically IgA)
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16
Q

Host cell damage

A
  • Siderophores: steals host nutrients (usually iron)
  • Endotoxin
  • Exotoxin
17
Q

Endotoxin

A
  • Shed LPS
  • Only and ALL gram negative
  • unintentional
  • fever (IL-1), inflammation, septic shock
  • systemic
  • toxic at high amounts (low toxicity)
18
Q

Exotoxin

A
  • secreted proteins
  • both can make (usually gram +)
  • Intentional
  • cell specific (usually target the plasma membrane)
  • localized
  • toxic at low amounts (high toxicity)
19
Q

Lysogenic conversion

A

process through which a bacterium gains the ability to produce an exotoxin through bacteriophage
1. cholera 2. botulism 3. diphtheria

20
Q

Viral attachment

A

spikes that attach to specific receptors

21
Q

Viral entry

A
  • Invasion: enveloped fusion, endocytosis

- Evasion: envelope-> camouflage

22
Q

Viral Evasion

A
  • envelope: camouflage
  • antigenic variation
  • Genetic shift: genetic re-assortment, segmented (major changes)
  • Genetic Drift: mutations over time (small, longer changes)
  • Latent
23
Q

Viral cytopathic effects

A
  • syncytia: host cell membrane fusion (evasion tactic)
  • Transformation: virus induces rapid uncontrolled cell growth (cancer) (oncogenesis)
  • Inclusion bodies: masses of proteins
24
Q

DNA

A
  • slower replication
  • slower transmission
  • bigger genome (ds)
  • usually chronic or latent
  • less mutations
25
RNA
- quick replication - quick transmission - smaller genome (ss) - usually acute - more mutations - more likely to be zoonosis
26
Prions
- infectious proteins - brain shrinkage and deterioration - occurs rapidly - same symptoms as Alzheimer's - can spread in the body
27
Lyme disease
- Gram stain: negative - morphology: spirochete - motile?: yes - unique structures: slowing growing, LPS endotoxin, systemic and chronic, antigenic variations - Reservoir: rodents, white footed mouse, deer (zoonotic) - Transmission: vector, black legged tick (parenteral) - signs: fever, swollen lymph nodes, bullseye rash symps: chills, numbness, fatigue - Px: avoid tick bites - Tx: tetracyclines - "Endemic"
28
Necrotizing Fascitis: Streptococcus pyogene
- Gram stain: positive - morphology: cocci - Motile?: no - Unique structures: exotoxin (streptolysin), capsules, enymes (hyaluronidase, streptokinase - Reservoir: Humans and cattle - Transmission: open wound, droplet, direct contact, indirect contact (parenteral-> cuts) - Signs: Acute, blicsters, black spots, pus - Symps: pain, dizziness, nausea - Complications: sepsis, shock, organ failure, TSS - Px: good wound care, hand hygiene, avoid swimming w/ wound - Tx: surgical debridement, antibiotics (penicillin, ampicillin, clindamycin), Oxygen therapy - "Endemic"
29
HPV carcinoma: Human papilloma Virus
-morphology: non-enveloped -viral genome: ds DNA -reservoir: humans, local in the body -transmission: 40 strains transmitted sexual contact. Genital/skin contact, can be passed during child birth -signs/symps: genital warts and lesions, can cause cancer (LATENT) -entry: parenteral -Tx: no treatment. most infections self-resolve in 1-2 yrs. warts burned out, cancer removed -Px: abstinence/monogamy. Vaccine: gardasil-> subunit proteins -Endemic
30
Measles virus
- morphology: enveloped - viral genome: negative sense ss RNA (antigenic drift) - reservoir: humans - transmission: droplet transmission, vehicle (air) - Entry: respiratory, systemic - signs: high fever, cough, kolpik spots (white), syncytia (rash) - symps: sensitivity to light, loss of appetite, aches (ACUTE) - complications: hearing loss, pneumonia, encephalitis(deaf), - Px: vaccine-> attenuated, 2 doses - Tx: supportive care, vitamin A, anti-measles antibodies - Epidemic
31
Case Study 1: Bacteria Neisseria meningitidis
- causes meningitis - IgA protease: enzyme that destroys antibodies (IgA) - produces endotoxins -> released when cell dies
32
Case Study 2: Streptococcus pneumoniae
- IgA protease - produces exotoxin pneumolysin: causes cell disruption and inflammation - produces protein called PdgA: protects bacteria against host lysozyme modifies the NAG sugars of peptidoglycan
33
Case study: E. Coli
- reservoir: GI tract of animals - transmission: indirect contact by vehicles - Shiga toxin: disrupts cells protein synthesis. Exotoxin - E. coli is gram (-) therefore producing endotoxins - Tx: treat with rehydration. antibiotics and antidiarrheics not recommended. Antibiotics increase shiga toxins
34
Case Study: Influenza
- segmented negative strand RNA genome - Antigenic shift: human flu crosses with flu virus that affects animals. Virus mutates and creates a new strain - Antigenic drift: small mutations that change the surface proteins of virus. makes us have to create a new vaccine every year.

Microbiology (4 decks)

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