Units 1-3

Question 1

Nomenclature

Answer 1

Genus species.
First letter of first word capitalized
Second word all lowercased

Question 2

Gram + vs Gram -

Answer 2

Gram+: thick peptidoglycan layer; NAM and NAG connected with a peptide (purple)
Gram-: thin peptidoglycan layer; endotoxin with LPS release (red)

Question 3

Viral structure

Answer 3

• Capsid-> surrounds genome
• Nucleic Acid-> ds and ss ; DNA or RNA
• Spikes-> attachment and determines host cell

Question 4

Bacterial Structure

Answer 4

• Fimbriae-> attachment
• Flagella-> motility/movement
• Axial Filament-> endoflagellum
• Pili-> attachment and conjugation

Question 5

Plasmids (bacterial structure)

Answer 5

DNA, circular, 0 or 100s, smaller, disease causing genes (antibiotic resistance) (toxin production)

Question 6

Capsules vs Endospores (bacterial structures)

Answer 6

Capsules: Found inside body, protects from phagocytosis, active, permeable, both gram negative and positive can make

Endospores: Found outside of body, protects against harsh environments, dormant, non-permeable, peptidoglycan, only gram positive but not all

Question 7

Methods of Identifying Microorganisms

Answer 7

-Morphology (Microscopy)
-Staining (mainly Gram-staining):
>Basic Acidic Dyes
>Simple Staining
>Differential Staining (Gram Stain procedure)
>Special Stains
-Biochemical (enzymatic metabolism relating to identification)
-Serological (antibody identification->ELISA)
-PCR (DNA genome identification)

Question 8

Media

Answer 8

• Selective: selects for one, suppresses the other

- Differential: see differences, usually by color

Question 9

Sterilization vs. Disinfection vs. Antisepsis

Answer 9

• Sterilization: complete elimination of microbes
• Disinfectant: surfaces/ inanimate objects
• Antiseptic: used on living tissue

Question 10

Antivirals

Answer 10

• Acyclovir: DNA viruses; inhibits DNA replication

- Tamiflu: targets neuraminidase

Question 11

Chemical Methods of control

Answer 11

• Alcohol: ethanol (hand sanitizer) and isopropanol (alcohol)-> targers membranes, cidal, broad towards bacteria and enveloped viruses
• Halogens: chlorine (bleach)(disinfectant) and iodine (betadine)(antiseptic)-> targets protein bonding, cidal, broad
• Metal compounds: silver nitrate and mercury-> targets protein bonding, cidal, broad, antiseptic
• Phenolics: triclosan-> targets membrane synthesis(enzymes), cidal, narrow toward bacteria, antiseptic

Question 12

Physical Methods of Control

Answer 12

• Heat: moist and dry; protein bonding; cidal; broad
• Filtration: broad
• Radiation: ionizing(x-ray) and nonionizing(UV), targets nucleic acid, cidal, broad
• Osmotic Pressure: salt curing and freeze drying, cidal, narrow towards bacteria

Question 13

Antibiotics (definition)

Answer 13

a medicine that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms.

Question 14

Definition of Narrow vs. Broad Spectrum Antibiotics

Answer 14

Broad: Bacteria and viruses
Narrow: Bacteria or Viruses

Question 15

Definition of Bacteriostatic vs. Bacteriocidal

Answer 15

• Static: inhibit the microbes growth

- Cidal: kill the microbe

Question 16

Examples of Antibiotics (just know the 8 we discussed in class & the specifics on your tables)

Answer 16

• Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis (Penicillin)-> static, narrow(gram+)
• Inhibition of Protein Synthesis (Chloramphenicol, Streptomycin, Tetracycline, Erythromycin)-> static, broad (stepto is cidal)
• Plasma Membrane Damage (Polymyxin B)-> cidal, narrow (gram-)
• Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis (Rifampin & Ciprofloxacin)-> cidal, rifa-> narrow(gram+), cipro-> broad

Question 17

Types of Vaccines

Answer 17

• Attenuated whole agent-> weakened, living, microbe
• Inactivated whole agent-> dead or inactive
• Subunit-> piece of the microbe (ex.spike, fimbriae)
• Toxoid-> inactivated toxin
• Conjugated-> less reactive piece (ex. capsule) w/ a highly reactive piece (ex. toxin)
• Nucleic acid-> DNA or RNA

Question 18

Normal Flora

Answer 18

good bacteria

Question 19

Signs vs. Symptoms

Answer 19

• Sign: measured/seen (vomiting)

- Symptom: how one feels (headache)

Question 20

Course of Illness

Answer 20

• Incubation: no sign/symptoms
• Prodromal: mild signs and symps
• Period of illness: unique signs and symps

Question 21

Principles of Disease terminology (i.e. acute, chronic, latent, sepsis, pandemic, etc…)

Answer 21

-Acute: short
-Chronic: long lasting
-Latent: repeatable
-Sepsis: bacteria growing in the blood
Pandemic: cross-continental

Question 22

Spread of Infection

Answer 22

direct or indirect contact

Question 23

Nosocomial Infection

Answer 23

infection gained from a hospital

Question 24

Epidemiology (epidemic, endemic, pandemic)

Answer 24

• Epidemic: an outbreak of a sickness
• Endemic: constantly seen throughout society
• Pandemic: cross continental

Question 25

Prions

Answer 25

infectious proteins-> causes brain shrinkage and can spread in the body

Question 26

Pathogen Portals of Entry (Types of Mucus Membranes & Parenteral)

Answer 26

- Mucus membranes: respiratory, GI, genitourinary, conjunctiva - Parenteral: punctures, any break in skin - Skin: microbe burrows through skin

Question 27

Pathogen Transmission (Direct & Indirect examples)

Answer 27

- Direct: person-to-person, droplets, vector(bites) - Indirect: fomites, vehicles "Fecal-oral route)

Question 28

Lysogenic conversion

Answer 28

- process through which a bacterium gains the ability to produce an exotoxin through bacteriophage - Cholera, botulism, diphtheria

Question 29

Animal virus replication (+ vs. – strand RNA, dsDNA & retroviral RNA)

Answer 29

- RNA + sense: go straight to the ribosome for replication - RNA - antisense: contain enzyme to convert to + - dsDNA: goes to the nucleus to be translated - Retrovirus RNA: uses transcriptase to hide in the body

Question 30

Viral Cytopathic Effects

Answer 30

- Syncytia-> host cell membrane fusion - Transformation-> virus induces rapid uncontrolled cell growth (oncogenesis) - Inclusion Bodies-> masses of proteins

Question 31

Bacterial Adherence (structures)

Answer 31

fimbriae, pili, biofilms | *attach to host glycoproteins

Question 32

Bacterial Invasion & Evasions techniques

Answer 32

Invasion: membrane ruffling-> bacteria induces endocytosis and enters host cell -Evasion: capsules and waxes (mycolic acid w/ TB), antigenic variation, mimicking host molecules

Question 33

Bacterial enzymes

Answer 33

- Hyaluronidase: breaks down hyaluronic acid (connective tissue) - Kinase: breaks down blood clots - Coagulase: forms blood clots - IgA protease: breaks down antibodies

Question 34

Endotoxin

Answer 34

- shed LPS - Only and All gram negative - unintentional - fever (IL-1), inflammation, septic shock - systemic - toxic @ high amounts (low toxicity)

Question 35

Exotoxin

Answer 35

- secreted proteins - both can make (usually gram positive) - intentional - cell specific (usually target plasma membrane) - localized - toxic at low levels (high toxicity)

Question 36

Host Damage (bacteria)

Answer 36

-Siderophores-> steals host nutrients (iron)

Question 37

C. diff Colitis-> Clostridium difficile

Answer 37

- Gram + - Endospore - In soil - Indirect contact through vehicle - GI entry - Acute

Question 38

HSV-1

Answer 38

- DNA - Enveloped - Cold sores - Humans - Direct contact through person to person - GI tract - Latent

Question 39

Polio

Answer 39

- Positive RNA - Naked - Lytic - Reservoir: humans - Indirect contact through vehicle - GI tract - Acute

Question 40

MRSA-> Staphylococcus aureus

Answer 40

- Gram + - Biofilm - Reservoir: Humans - Indirect contact through fomite - Parenteral - Acute

Question 41

Tuberculosis

Answer 41

- Gram + - Mycolic Acid wax - Reservoir: humans - Direct contact though droplets - Respiratory - Chronic

Question 42

Lyme Disease-> Borrelia burgdorferi

Answer 42

- Gram - - Spirochete - Axial filaments - Reservoir: mice - Direct contact through vector - Parenteral - Chronic

Question 43

Measles

Answer 43

- Negative sense RNA - Enveloped - Reservoir: Humans - Direct contact droplet - Respiratory - Acute - Syncytia

Question 44

Case Studies

Answer 44

- Case Study 2: AcrAB protein-> gram negative bacteria to pump out unwanted chemical compounds - Case Study 3: penicillin is a beta lactam ring that binds to DD-transpeptidase (alanyl). Bacteria makes beta lactamase that hydrolyzes bonds in the beta lactam ring in return. - Case Study 4: - --Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae produce IgA protease. - --Streptococcus makes pneumolysin is an exotoxin that causes cell disruption and inflammation. It can also make PdgA which protects against host lysozymes by modifying NAG sugars in peptidoglycan. - --Shiga toxins: exotoxin that shut down protein translation.