Unit 3 Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
What are molecules called if the contain carbon?
A
Organic
2
Q
How many bonds can a carbon atom form?
A
4
3
Q
monomers
A
simple organic molecules
4
Q
polymers
A
made of monomers arranged in a simple repeating structure
5
Q
macromolecules
A
large, complex molecules made from thousands of atoms (does not have to be a polymer)
6
Q
condensation reaction
A
link monomers to form polymers
7
Q
In a condensation reaction is water added or removed?
A
One water molecule removed
8
Q
hydrolysis reactions
A
break down polymers into smaller molecules
9
Q
In a hydrolysis reaction is water added or removed?
A
One water molecule is added
10
Q
What are the 4 classes of macromolecules in living things?
A
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
11
Q
What do carbohydrates contain?
A
contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
12
Q
What are 3 important things to know about carbohydrates?
A
- Energy source/storage
- Structural molecules that give cells shape
- Recognition or signaling molecules
13
Q
Monosaccharides
A
carbohydrate monomers
14
Q
What are some characteristics of monosaccharides?
A
- most end in -ose
- typically have a formula that’s a multiple of CH2O.
15
Q
What are two things monosaccharides can be used for?
A
fuel and combining polymers
16
Q
Pentoses
A
5-carbon sugars
17
Q
What are 2 examples of pentoses and where are they found?
A
- ribose, found in RNA
- deoxyribose, found in DNA
18
Q
Hexose
A
6-carbon sugars
19
Q
What is an example of a hexose?
A
glucose
20
Q
Glucose
A
used as a source of energy by the cell
21
Q
How is glucose made?
A
by photosynthesis
22
Q
What does glucose start?
A
cellular respiration
23
Q
What do monosaccharides do in aqueous solutions?
A
Form rings
24
Q
Planar
A
flat
25
What is the structure of sugar rings?
It has -H and -OH groups above and below the plane of the ring
26
Isomers
compounds with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms
27
What makes a glucose isomer alpha-D-Glucose (trans configuration)?
When the carbon 1 -OH and CH2OH are on OPPOSITE sides
28
What makes a glucose isomer beta-D-Glucose (cis configuration)?
When the carbon 1 -OH and CH2OH on the SAME side
29
Disaccharides
Consist of two monosaccharides
30
Glycosidic Linkages
The covalent bonds joining monosaccharides
31
Maltose (2 characteristics)
- The bonding of two glucose units
- glycosidic linkage at α-(1,4)
32
What two monosaccharides are needed to make maltose?
glucose + glucose
33
What two monosaccharides are needed to make sucrose?
glucose + fructose
34
What two monosaccharides are needed to make lactose?
glucose + galactose
35
Polysaccharides
carbohydrates made from long chains of monosaccharides (hundreds)
36
What can polysaccharides be (2)?
- storage molecules
- structural compounds
37
Starch (2 things to know)
major storage form of energy/glucose in plants
polymer made from alpha-glucose monomers
38
What 2 things does starch contain?
amylose and amylopectin
39
Amylose (3 thing to know)
- made from α-glucose monomers
- linked by α-(1,4) glycosidic linkages
- wound into coils stabilized by hydrogen bonds
40
Amylopectin
α-glucose joined by α-(1,4) and α–(1,6) glycosidic linkages
41
What do α–(1,6) glycosidic linkages do?
form branches
42
What is the structure and function of amylose (3)?
- helical in structure
- tightly packed
- good for storage
43
What is the structure and function of amylopectin (3)?
- branched
- takes up more space
- easier to digest
44
What is amylopectin used for?
making adhesives and lubricants
45
Where are starches found?
plants
46
Where is glycogen found?
animals
47
What are the two types of storage polysaccharides?
starches and glycogen
48
Glycogen (4 things you need to know)
- major storage form of glucose (energy) in animals
- polymer made from alpha-glucose monomers
- joined by α-(1,4) and α-(1,6) linkages
- has more branches than amylopectin in starch
49
Where can glycogen be found?
muscle and liver
50
What does the liver store glucose as?
glycogen
51
How does the liver provide sugar/glucose?
it turns glycogen into glucose
52
What is a structural polysaccharide?
cellulose
53
Cellulose (3 things you need to know)
- the most abundant natural polymer
- the strength and support in plant cell walls
- a polymer made from beta-glucose monomers
54
How do you form a bond between two molecules of beta-glucose?
each β-glucose molecule is rotated 180° compared to the one next to it
55
What is the structure of a polysaccharide (3)?
- has straight, unbranched chains that run parallel
- has hydrogen bonds linking cellulose chains to provide strength
- provides rigidity to cell walls to prevent cells from bursting when full with water
56
Lipids (4 things you need to know)
- contain nonpolar hydrocarbons
- are insoluble in water due to nonpolar hydrocarbons.
- are grouped together because
they are hydrophobic
- are not true polymers
57
What are the functions of lipids (2)?
-energy source
-energy storage
58
How is the energy in carbohydrates described?
readily available/quick energy
59
How is the energy in lipids described?
available at a slower pace
60
What is an important comparison between lipids and glycogen?
Lipids contain more energy per gram than glycogen
61
What are the 3 types of lipids?
fatty acids, phospholipids, and triglycerides
62
What is the structure of a fatty acid?
carboxylic acid group (COOH) with a hydrocarbon chain attached
63
What are some characteristics of fatty acids?
- Fatty acids can vary in length due to the # carbons in the hydrocarbon tail
- Fatty acids are insoluble
64
Why are fatty acids insoluble?
due to the nonpolar hydrocarbon tail
65
How can fatty acids be classified?
whether or not they have double bonds
66
Saturated fatty acids
only single bonds in the hydrocarbon tail
67
Unsaturated fatty acids
one or more double bonds in the hydrocarbon tail
68
What can unsaturated fatty acids be?
monounsaturated or polyunsaturated
69
Monounsaturated fatty acids
one double bond in the fatty acid tail
70
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
two or more double bonds in the fatty acid tail
71
What types of isomers can unsaturated fatty acids be?
cis or trans
72
Cis isomer
hydrogens on same side of double bond (fatty acid tails have kinks)
73
Trans isomer
hydrogens on opposite side of double bond
74
What do phospholipids consist of (3)?
- Two fatty acids
- One glycerol
- One phosphate group
75
What is the function of a phospholipid?
Major component in cell membranes- lipid bilayer
76
What does a triglyceride consist of?
three fatty acids and one glycerol
77
What is the main function of a triglyceride?
energy storage
78
What are two things triglycerides can be at room temperature?
fats (solid) or oils (liquid)
79
What types of fatty acids are fats made up of?
saturated and trans-unsaturated fatty acids
80
What what types of fatty acids are oils made up of?
cis-unsaturated fatty acids
81
Which fats occur naturally in foods
saturated and cis-unsaturated fats
82
Where are saturated fats found?
in animal sources such as meat and dairy
83
Where are cis-unsaturated fats found?
in plant sources such as nuts, oils, fish, and vegetables
84
How are trans-unsaturated fats made?
they are man made
85
Which fats have negative health effects?
saturated and trans-unsaturated fats
86
Which fats have positive health effects?
cis-unsaturated fats
87
What do trans-unsaturated and saturated fats increase the risk of?
coronary heart disease (CHD)
88
What can the high energy content of lipids contribute to (4)?
- (CHD)
- stroke
- high blood pressure
- type 2 diabetes
89
Body Mass Index (BMI)
indicator of body fatness
90
nomogram
tool used to find BMI
91
What do steroids have?
four nonpolar fused rings
92
Cholesterol
a steroid that contributes to the production of hormones, vitamin D, bile, and cell membrane support
93
What kinds of effects does cholesterol have on health?
- synthesized in the liver & obtained from animal products
- factors other than diet can affect cholesterol levels (genetic factors)
- lowering its ingestion may lower the risk of CHD in some individuals
- Can cause CHD if it builds up in the walls of arteries & causes clogging/ atherosclerosis;
94
Proteins
most structurally and functionally diverse of life’s molecules
95
What are the monomers of proteins?
amino acids
96
What are the components of an amino acids?
- Central Carbon
- Amine Group
- Carboxyl Group
- Hydrogen Group
97
What is important about R groups?
it distinguishes each of the different amino acids
98
How many amino acids to living things use?
20
99
What type of reaction forms polypeptide bonds?
condensation reactions
100
What determines a protein's function?
its shape
101
Primary structure
The unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
102
What codes the sequence of polypeptides?
genes in the DNA
103
Genes
sequence of DNA that programs an amino acid sequence and controls a characteristic of an organism
104
Secondary Structure
The folding or coiling of the polypeptide into a repeating configuration
105
What types of configuration come out of secondary structure?
α helix and β pleated sheet
106
What stabilizes secondary structures?
hydrogen bonds
107
Where to hydrogen bonds form in secondary structures?
between amine and carboxyl groups
108
Tertiary Structure
the overall 3-D shape of a polypeptide
109
How are tertiary and quaternary structures stabilized?
by interactions between R groups
110
What types of bonds stabilize tertiary and quaternary structures (4)?
- hydrogen bonding
- ionic interactions
- hydrophobic interactions
- disulfide bridges
111
How do amino acids with nonpolar R groups fold?
they cluster in the interior of the protein (away from water)
112
How do amino acids with polar R groups fold?
they cluster on the surface (interact with water)
113
What is the position of proteins that contain amino acids with nonpolar R groups in the phospholipid bilayer?
they are embedded in the nonpolar interior
114
What is the position of proteins that contain amino acids with polar R groups in the phospholipid bilayer?
they protrude from the membrane and form the pore
115
What determines tertiary structure?
primary structure determines tertiary structure
116
Quaternary Structure
the overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits
117
What can disrupt secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure?
high temperatures or varying pH levels
118
What does high temperature and varying temperature not effect primary structure?
covalent bonds remain undisturbed
119
Denaturing
structural change in a protein that results in the loss of its biological properties
120
What are the two types of protein shapes?
globular and fibrous
121
Globular
overall spherical shape; mostly water soluble; can be enzymes, transport proteins, hormones
122
What is an example of a globular protein?
hemoglobin
123
Fibrous
long fiber shape; insoluble in water; structural/movement functions
124
What is an example of a fibrous protein?
collagen
125
What are 2 protein functions?
Hormones and Sensation
126
What is an example of the protein function of 'hormones'?
Insulin signals glucose uptake by cells
127
What is an example of the protein function of 'sensation'?
Rhodopsin detects light in the retina of the eye
