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unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is capacitation?

A

an acrosomal reaction; when sperm cells are activated by touching the zona pellicula of the egg

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2
Q

order of sperm journey

A

-seminiferous tubules- undergo mitosis and meiosis
-mediastinum- transports to epididymis
-epididymis- matures and stores sperm
-vas deferens- transports to penis during ejaculation
-penis

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3
Q

ingredients for extenders

A

-double distilled water (volume) + fructose (energy)
-fresh: skim milk, antibiotics (infections)
-frozen: egg yolks/soy oil (nutrition), glycerol (displaces water)

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4
Q

tissue that holds testes and ovaries together?

A

tunica albuginea

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5
Q

types of teste problems

A

-cryptorchidism: testes never descended and sperm cells die
-bilateral: sterile, but testosterone is produced
-unilateral: only 1 is fertile, lower sperm production

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6
Q

species penis differences

A

-bull: fibroelastic penis, pendulous testes
-ram: fibroelastic penis with a filiform appendage, pendulous testes
-boar: fibroelastic penis, inverted testes, corkscrew penis
-stallion: vascular penis, horizontal testes, no sigmoid flexure

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7
Q

species sperm production

A

-volume: swine, horse, dairy, beef, sheep
-concentration: sheep, beef, dairy, horse, swine

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8
Q

thermoregulation for testes

A

should be 4-6 C below body temp
-tunica dartos muscle- contracts testes to control temperature
-sweat glands- evaporative cooling

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9
Q

species uteruses

A

-bicornuate: 2 long uterine horns- pig, cow
-bipartite: 2 smaller uterine horns- ewe
-modified bipartite: larger uterune body, 2 small –uterine horns- mare
-simplex: no uterine horns- human

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10
Q

what is gonadotropin releasing hormone

A

-GnRH: tells anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH, promotes ovulation
-released by hypothalamus
-acts upon anterior pituitary

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11
Q

what is LH

A

-luteinizing hormone: induces ovulation, develops CL, matures follicle; matures spermatozoa, produces testosterone
-released by: anterior pituitary
-acts on: ovary/teste

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12
Q

what is FSH

A

-follicle stimulation hormone: develops follicles, induces estrogen ; stimulates spermatogenesis - needed in small amounts
-released by: anterior pituitary
-acts on: ovary/teste

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13
Q

what is inhibin

A

-tells anterior pituitary to reduce FSH production
-released by: follicle
-acts on: anterior pituitary

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14
Q

what is estrogen

A

-follicular hormone that causes estrus, influences mobility and secreted uterine milk in reproductive tract, matures early stage of mammary gland, also secretes mucus
-released by: follicle

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15
Q

what is progesterone

A

-“hormone of pregnancy” “queen hormone”, matures final stage of mammary gland, responsible for maintenance of pregnancy
-released by: CL

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16
Q

what is oxytocin

A

-causes contractions of smooth muscles (uterus) during parturition, nursing, and mating, let down” of milk
-released by: posterior pituitary and CL
-acts on: smooth muscle

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17
Q

what is prostaglandin

A

-regresses CL, caused uterine contractions, gives pregnant signal
-released by: non-pregnant uterine lining
-acts on: CL

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18
Q

what is interferon tau

A

gives pregnant signal in sheep/cattle
released by: fertilized egg
acts on: uterus

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19
Q

hormones in parturition

A

-cortisol: begins parturition, released by fetal adrenal cortex
-progesterone: declines
-estrogen, prostaglandin, oxytocin: rise, contacts uterus
-relaxin: relaxes pelvic cartilage and ligaments

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20
Q

cattle estrus, gestation, and ovulation

A

estrus: 12 hours
inestrus: 21 days
ovulation: 10-18 hours after estrus
gestation: 283 days

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21
Q

sheep estrus, ovulation, and gestation length

A

estrus: 24-36 hours
inestrus: 17 days
ovulation: 18-24 hours after estrus
gestation: 147 days

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22
Q

swine estrus, ovulation, and gestation

A

estrus: 48-54 hours
inestrus: 21 days
ovulation: 30-36 hours after estrus
gestation: 115 days

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23
Q

horse estrus, ovulation, and gestation length

A

estrus: 6 days
inestrus: 21 days
ovulation: 2 days after estrus
gestation: 320 days

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24
Q

why do we synchronize estrus?

A

scheduled calving, higher pregnancy rates and productivity, problem cows are identified, early conception, uniform calves, facilitates AI, increased heifer management

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25
what is the ram effect
natural synchronization method- melatonin tells rams it's time to mate, they go to detect estrogen (ewes are in estrus) and causes LH surge in females
26
types of synchronization methods
-gonadotropins: stimulates anterior pituitary to promote ovulation in mature females -prostaglandins: shortens estrous cycle and synchronizes it, regresses CL, only works in cycling females (present CL) -progestins: keeps animals in same state until removed and they cycle together ; in prepuberal heifers, postpartum or anestrous females
27
estrus detection methods
computer sensor, k-mar, bovine beacon, estrus alert, paint stick, gomer bull, pedometer
28
why do we synchronize estrous
management, feed resources, facilities, uniform calves, utilizes labor
29
what to look for when choosing an estrous synchronization method
cost, ease of program, time and labor involved, reproductive status of females !proper heat detection is critical!
30
methods of AI-cow
cow: rectocervical (manipulation of cervix over insemination gun via rectum)
31
what is electroejaculation?
stimulation of nerve over cowpers gland (bulbourethral gland)
32
methods of AI- sow
sow: cervical (spirette with a counter clockwise rotation into cervix)- 12 hours after estrus in gilts, 24 hours after estrus in sows
33
methods of AI- mare
mare: vaginocervical (insemination gun goes into cervix via vagina)- must have 35 mm follicle and open cervix
34
methods of AI- sheep, deer
sheep, deer: laparoscopy (surgical introduction of semen in uterine horns)
35
methods of AI- goat
goat: speculum (spans vulva and posterior vagina so cervix can be inspected)
36
how is semen collected?
-rams, stallions, bulls: artificial vaginas -can be trained to mount stimulation animals
37
what is brucella ovis?
in sheep, cattle, and goats- causes epidydimitis- road block of vas deferens
38
what are the parts of the spermatic cord?
vas deferens, pampiniform plexus (bloodflow), external muscle nerves
39
what are leydig cells?
cells in testes that produce testosterone
40
what is the flehmen response?
when a male lifts his top lip to detect estrogen (estrus)
41
what is estrous?
the reproductive cycle in females
42
what is the site of fertilization?
AIJ- ampulla isthmus junction found in oviduct
43
what are the types of follicles?
-graafian: high in estrogen (liquor folliculi) -cystic: continuous follicle -atretic: deteriorated follicle
44
functions of vagina
site of semen deposition in cows and ewes, 5.7 pH, stimulates penis with temperature and pressure, birth canal
45
functions of cervix
secretes mucus, seals off during pregnancy, passageway of fetus, passageway of sperm
46
cervix characteristics
cartilage surrounded by soft tissue, contains crypts which increase surface area, tightly closed except during estrus MARE: no obstacles, soft and pliable during estrus, sperm goes straight through
47
uterus functions
incubator of ovum, transports sperm, contracts towards oviduct during estrus, absorbs, prepares for embryo, develops fetus, expels fetus
48
what are the parts of the oviduct?
-infundibulum: catches egg ampulla: transports egg -isthmus: transports sperm -AIJ: site of fertilization, narrows to keep egg inside until day 7 and to herd sperm
49
what is the corpus luteum?
-"yellow body" after ovulation -produces progesterone (to inhibit estrus, block contractions, stimulate nutrient production
50
what are ovary structures?
follicles which become graafian follicles then become CH, CL, or CA after ovulation
51
what are causes of dystocia?
young females, small pelvis in female, large fetus (can predict with BW of sire in cattle)
52
what is a rice pelvimeter?
measures the size of the pelvic opening
53
describe hormones during a cow's estrous cycle
GnRH releases and estrogen is produced (estrus), 48 hours after ovulation occurs and progesterone is released (CL begins to grow)
54
why do we synchronize estrus?
scheduled calving, more heats per breeding season, problem cows are identified, early conception, uniform calves, increased heifer management
55
what are signs of estrus?
standing, trailing, licking, anxious, swollen vulva, mounting
56
what is the AM/PM rule?
cows in estrus in the morning are bred that afternoon, cows in estrus in the afternoon are bred the next morning
57
what is a breeding soundness exam?
tests sperm fertility and mobility- must be performed at least 60 days before breeding
58
how to tell when it is time to inseminate a female?
gomers or teaser studs (mares)- detects heat
59
what species semen must be shipped fresh?
boar and stallion- concentration is too low
60
advantages of AI
genetic improvement, disease control, better record keeping, eliminates need for keeping bulls
61
disadvantages of AI
time required to detect estrus, % of cows in estrus during breeding season, trained personnel required, overuse of inferior sires
62
what are the steps of an embryo transfer?
-super ovulation -insemination -synchronization of females (with prostaglandins) -collection of embryo -storing embryo -transfer of embryo 7 days after estrus, given an epidural block for rectal muscles and the foley catheter is inserted into vagina and cervix into the uterus
63
what is super ovulation?
female is given FSH over 4 days to keep all ovum so they can all mature
64
what are placentomes?
"donuts" left on the uterus at 60 days of pregnancy- where the placenta attached
65
what is embryo flushing?
embryos are flushed out of the donor's uterus with phosphate buffered saline enriched with calf serum, then is put into a concentrating filter and rinsed into a searching dish

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