Unit 3 Flashcards

Question

Case study - critically endangered species

Answer 1

Hawksbill Turtle Lives in tropical rainforests and coral reefs Omnivorous - alge, sponges, mollucst, fish Used in traditional medicines, jewlery, symbol of wealth, tourist attractions Decline in species - reduced nesting sites - loss of feeding jabitats - Ingestion of plastic - climate chane - collection of eggs

Answer 2

Lears MaCaw parrots that eats nuts, flowers and maize. threats: - capture of parrots - pet trade - change to grassland habitat - Grazing of its habitat by livestok Action taken by CITES and Brazilian law - monitoring bird habitat - enforcing legislation - Protecting palms from livestok - health monitor of species - education and awarness

Answer 3

More than 1500 endemic plant species and loss of more thann 70% of the vegegation

Answer 4

Deep ecologist - Importance of intrinsic value of environment and species. Biorights of all species and habitats. Minimum disturbance and use of ecosystems. (PRESERVE RESOURCES) Cornucopians - All natural resources can be justifiably used for human benefit. Human ingenuity and technological developments will find solutions to any future environmental problem. Any deficits can be overcome with substitutes. Exploitation of resources should only be limited by scientific, technological developments or by the economic cost. (RESOURCE EXPLOITATION) Environmemntal managers - People should manage resources sustainably with concept of sustainable development central to all activities. Policies and regulations should be used to mange natural resources and restrict environmental damage. Economic and educational tools should be used to encourage sustainable development. Problems should be solved though community participation. (SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT)

Answer 5

Utilitarian value - consumtive use - food, medicine - non consumtpive - aesthetic, recreational - services - future value Non-utilitarian value - intrinstic value (biorights) - Knowing experies exists

Answer 6

are non-profit, voluntary organisations usually funded by charitable donations and membership fees. NGOs often try to change policies, legislation and behavior at the individual level in a variety of ways: - Lobby goverments - Media use -Direct action - education awareness - reaserch - manage threatened habitats - work together with goverments businesses communities - monitor activity

Answer 7

EX. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Food and Agricultural Organizations (FAO) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Key features - ability to make decisions at international level - provision of lastest information - driect media communication - long and lengthy decision making process - politially driven decisions - bureaucratic iamage - little understanding and connection with local communities

Answer 8

Conservation approaches include habitat conservation, species-based conservation and a mixed approach. CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Ratified by more than 180 nations. Aims to ensure that international trade does not threaten survival of the species. It has three lists of controlled fauna and flora: Appendix I contains species threatened with extinction and trade is only allowed under exceptional circumstances. Appendix II contains species at potential risk from international trade; a permit is required for all trade in these species. Appendix III contains species protected in one or more countries; they are not under global threat but are of concern in the countries which have nominated them for protection. Trade in appendix III species is regulated by use of permits and national laws. Strengths Restricts trade which threatens species becoming extinct. Encourages education about endangered species. Increases awareness of endangered species and changes perception about their use e.g. as pets or ornaments. Can stimulate funding into research and conservation activities. Weaknesses Participation is voluntary, not mandatory. Focuses on preservation of species and not sustainable use. If people are allowed to benefit from the wildlife (for example, through tourism revenue or trade of natural income), they have an incentive to protect them. Focuses on species conservation, whereas the main threat to biodiversity is habitat loss. Effective enforcement can be difficult. Trade is often driven underground (illegal/black market). Many countries with limited resources have other national priorit

Answer 9

Keystone - These species interact through the food web with other species in the community if lost could lead to the demise of other species. Conserving a keystone species helps to protect the integrity of the community. Umbrella - oftern large species requiring large habitat areas. Protecting the habitat also protects the spcies. The Giant panda is an umbrella species

Answer 10

To prevent a species becoming extinct, the reasons for species loss need to be addressed. - Lear’s MaCaw is restricted by CITES (discussed below) and national law in Brazil. Monitoring of illegal activity coupled with enforcement and working with local communities has led to improvements in bird numbers in their natural habitats. - CITES

Answer 11

This can be a long and expensive process in which organisms are taken out of their natural habitat in order to be conserved Adv ncrease numbers and decrease risk of extinction. Opportunity to learn more about the species biology and behaviour. Use of zoos, aquariums and botanical gardens to educate public about the species and gain financial and political support. Genetic pool can be enhanced (including use of reproductive technology eg artificial insemination). Provides a temporary safe place to live while habitats are being restored. DISV Require resources including finances to undertake ex-situ conservation. Does not address causes of habitat loss. Genetic pool may be small, not representative of original populations and could result in inbreeding problems. They may not be able to survive in the wild if re-introduced. Need to develop hunting skills and migratory patterns which are difficult to learn in captivity. Captivity can be detrimental to their health and also lead to aggressive behaviour. They may be susceptible to disease when concentrated in a small area. Breeding in captivity can be difficult for some species e.g. the giant panda has a poor success rate of breeding in captivity. There are ethical concerns about keeping animals in captivity.

Answer 12

A clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, to achieve the long term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. Types: National parkes, nature reserves, wilderness areas. Reasons - level of biodiversity eg. hotspots -presence of endemic spcies -Rarity of habitat type -Geological features - Educational value / scientific - Cultural religious

Answer 13

Increase sunlight, temperature, lowers humidity, result in an increase of air movement Change in abiotic factors affect habitat conditions and threaten speces + preduation and huntinf

Answer 14

optimal shape is a circle because it has a minimum edge to area ratio f reserves are near to human settlements, large animals may venture out of the reserve and raid crops and even attack people

Answer 15

Community support and involvement Adequate funding Increasing understanding through reasech effective managemnet plan legislatin and efectve enforecment legal ststus variaety of biodiversity

Answer 16

Manu national park - Madre de Dios Aims to conserve biodiversity in souther rainforest of peru - Hotspot Success - reasech conducted - educational programes - visitors many per year - recogized worldwide for diversity Threats - roads - umbrella and flagshp species like jaguars and pumas - Giant otter no longer due to effrt

Answer 17

Core area: the pristine natural environment under protection. Buffer zone: found between the core area and transition zone. To minimise any harm in this area, use is limited e.g. for scientific research, training and education. This area acts as a barrier to protect the core area from human activities in the transition zone. Transition zone: where there is sustainable use of natural resources. This area can be affected by human activities outside the transition zone such as intensive farming.

Answer 18

Linking the reserves has various advantages: It can allow migration between reserves and reduce isolation of the population. Immigration from other reserves can increase the gene pool in the reserve. It can allow for seasonal migration. There are also some disadvantages associated with wildlife corridors connecting reserves: Increase spread of disease from one reserve to another. Increase threat from invasive species. Increase threat from predators and hunters.

Answer 19

- noise distrurbances - light pollution - large animals can escape and raid crops or attack people

Unit 3 Flashcards

(43 cards)