UNIT 3 Flashcards by Wyatt Pike

The process that converts solar energy into
chemical energ

Photosythasisi

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interior tissue of the leaf and the
location of the chloroplasts

Mesophyll

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are photosynthetic organs of plants

Leaves

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organelles
in which photosynthesis occurs

Chloroplast

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Photosynthesis is a

redox

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6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light energy  C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O

Phtosythasis

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Entire range of wavelengths produced is called the

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

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main photosynthetic
pigmen

Chlropghyll a

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Chlorophyll b and Carotenoid
are

Accessory Pigments

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capturing energy
– Chlorophyll absorbs light and the energy is
captured

light reactions

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Synthesis of sugar
– The captured energy is used for endergonic
reactions.
– Remember: synthesis is work and requires ATP

Calvin Cycle

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in the thylakoids

Light Reactions

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Split H2O
– Release O2
– Reduce NADP+ to NADPH
– Generate ATP from ADP by photophosphorylatio

Light Reactions

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(in the stroma)

Calvin Cycle

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with carbon fixation, adding inorganic CO2
to make an organic molecule
– Endergonic process, requires the energy captured earlier

Calvin Cycle

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Occur in the grana
– (stacks of thylakoids

Light Reactions

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a reaction center (a type
of protein complex

Part 1 of a Photosystem

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ght-harvesting
complexes (pigment
molecules bound to
proteins) that transfer the
energy of photons to the
reaction center

Part 2 of a photosytem

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Chlorophyll molecules
are bound to
particular proteins

light-harvesting complexes

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funnel the
energy of photons
(units of light) to the
reaction cente

Light harvesting Complexes

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One of its electrons
gets bumped up to a
primary electron
acceptor

1st STEP oif light reactions

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the reactions center loses an electron and
the primary acceptor receives it, an enzyme
splits water to provide a replacement electro

Part 2 of light reactions

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Electron from water replaces the one
handed to primary electron acceptor
– Oxygen atoms combine, O2 given of

Partt 3

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Electron passed from Primary Acceptor
to a Transport chain
– ATP generated (via chemiosmosis

Part 4

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functions first (the numbers reflect order of discovery)

Photosyetem 11

best at absorbing a wavelength of 680 nm

Photosystems 2

is best at absorbing a wavelength of 700 nm and is called P700

Photosytem 1

primary pathway of energy transformation in the light reactions

Non-cyclic or Linear Electron flow

photo-excited electrons take an alternative path

Cyclic electric flow

Only ATP is produced (no NADPH, no release of O2

Cyclic Electric Flow

Forms sugar from carbon dioxide – uses ATP for energy – and NADPH for reducing power

Calvin Cycle

uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 to sugar

Calvin Cycle

Carbon fixation – Reduction (of CO2) – Regeneration of the CO2 accepto

Calvin Cycle

CO2 fixed by RUBISCO – RuBP carboxylase

Calvin Cycle

t captures inorganic carbon (CO2 fixation) – Only an autotroph can fix carbon and make organics

RUBISCO

is a function of capillary action and evaporation

Transpiration

This conserves water but limits access to CO2 – Oxygen builds up and substitutes for CO2 * Rubisco binds to O2 instead of CO

hot, dry days, plants close their stomata

Photorespiration is the negative result – Rate of photosynthesis is reduced – Releases CO2 and consumes ATP * Opposite goal of photosynthesis, less efficient

Closing stomata

move CO2 to cells deep in leaf (away from O2) * Spatial solution to prevent photorespiration

C4 plants

pre-collect CO2 (when stomata are open at night) * Temporal solution to prevent loss of water and photorespiration

CAM

Fix CO2 using different enzyme with less affinity for oxygen, but then

Fix CO2 when water loss is not a problem: at night when stomata are open

CAM

A cell’s endowment of DNA is called its

Genome

DNA molecules in cells are packaged into

Chromosomes

Eukaryotic chromosomes are in the form of

Chromatinm

The process by which chromosomes (DNA molecules) are copied is called

DNA replication

Chromatin condenses during

Cell Division

Chromatids are separated during cell division

the phase during which the cell is NOT dividing

Interphase

the phase during which the cell is NOT dividing

Mitosis

Interphase (3 sub-phases) - Initial growth of the newly formed cell and general metabolism

Interphase (3 sub-phases) - DNA is replicated (synthesized) during this phase

S phase

Interphase (3 sub-phases) - Final preparations for cell division * Centrosomes divide * Tubulin synthesis

Chromatin condenses, becomes visible – (sister chromatids formed during interphase) * Mitotic spindle is formed * Nucleolus disappears * Nuclear envelope breaks down

Prophase

spindle arises from the

Centrioles

Attach to the kinetochores of chromosomes – Kinetochore is a protein attached to the centromere region – Sister chromatid attached from each side

prometaphase

Chromosomes are moved and aligned along the ‘equatorial plate

Metaphase

Centromere connection released * Sister chromatids separate * Chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the cell

Anaphase

Daughter nuclei reform – Nuclear envelope reassembles – Nucleolus reforms – Chromosomes uncoils and relaxes into chromatin * Cytokinesis occurs

Telophase

Prokaryotes (bacteria) reproduce by a type of cell division called

Binary Fission

cell cycle is regulated by a

Molecular control system

Cell “decides” to divide. * Primary point for external signal influence

G1 /s checkpoint

Cell makes a commitment to mitosis. * Assesses success of DNA replication

G2/ M checkpoint

Cell ensures that all chromosomes are attached to the spindle.

Spindle checkpoint

Cyclins and 2. Cyclin-dependent Kinases (Cdks)

Regulatory protiens

enzymes that activate or inactivate other proteins (by phosphorylating them

Kinases

Dependent on CYCLIN to become active

Cyclin dependedn kinases

Proteins that fluctuate in concentration – Accumulates during S and G2 phases

Cylcin

Active comples formed calledd MPF

Chemicals released by certain cells to stimulate other cells to divide – One type is released from platelets in blood when tissue is damaged * Cells in vicinity stimulated to divide * Promotes healing of damaged t

Growth Factors

is a process by which a healthy cell becomes a cancer cel

Transformation

Localized, non-invasive growth

Benign

Invasive, grows into surrounding tissues

Malignant

Malignant tumors invade surrounding tissues and can metastasize

Cancer

usually continue to divide well beyond a single layer, forming a clump of overlapping cells. (b) Cell mass similar to tumor

Cancer Cells

UNIT 3 Flashcards

(75 cards)