Unit 2 Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
Cells are
the structural, functional, and reproductive units of life
A
Cell Theory
2
Q
life from life
A
Biodeegenisiis
3
Q
Scans the surface
A
Sem
4
Q
Transmission penetrates
‘through’ structure
A
Tem
5
Q
magnifies many thousand
times larger than actual size
* And improves resolution
TEM
SEM
A
EM
6
Q
Most cells and cell parts are between how many microns
A
1-100 microns
7
Q
Transport is both facilitated and limited by the
A
Plasma Membrane
8
Q
The area of membrane must be great enough to meet needs
of cytoplasm’s metabolic requirements
A
9
Q
Small
* Less structurally complex
* No nucleus
A
Prokaryotic Cells
10
Q
Large (relative to prokaryotes)
* Structurally complex
* Nucleus
A
Eukaryotic
11
Q
Double membrane
* Nuclear ‘pores’ (points of
passage through membrane
A
Nuclear Envelope
12
Q
Function as sites of protein synthesis
A
Ribsosomes
13
Q
Provides compartmentalization of cytoplasm
– Segregation of function
– Isolates and concentrates reactants, enzymes
– Synthesis, modification, packaging
A
EMS
14
Q
Internal membrane continuous with the
nuclear envelope
A
Endoplasmac reticulum
15
Q
involved in lipid synthesis
– Also in detoxification of poisons in liver cells
– Calcium storage in muscle cells
A
Smooth ER
16
Q
produces protein
– Distributes protein into membranous
sacs called Vesicles
A
Rough Er
17
Q
Prepares for shipment to destination inside or
outside (from the trans side
A
Gogli Apparatus
18
Q
Vesicles containing digestive enzymes
A
Lysosomes
19
Q
Plant cells have a
– Provides turgidity
A
Central Vacuole
20
Q
Energy Conversion Organelles
(not part of the EMS)
A
Mitochondria
21
Q
Energy Conversion Organelles
(not part of the EMS)
A
Chloroplast
22
Q
Energy Conversion Organelles
(not part of the EMS)
A
Perixomews
23
Q
site of cellular respiration
– Double membrane
* Outer membrane and highly folded inner membrane
* Folds of the Inner membrane called Crista
A
Mitochondira
24
Q
site of photosynthesis
– Double membrane organelle
– Inner membrane folded into sacs called Thylakoids
* Contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis
A
Chloroplast
25
A network of fibers throughout the cell
* Functions:
– Provide support, shape to cell
– Motility
– Cellular junctions
Cytoskeleton
26
contraction, crawling,
pinching
Microfilaments
27
cilia, flagella, centrioles
(mitotic spindle
Microtubles
28
between cells,
no leakage between
(as in epithelia cells
of the skin
Tight Junctions
29
lexible point attachments
Desmosomes
30
channels between cells
(nutrients like sugar
and amino acids may pass,
communication between cells
Gap funnctions
31
Connects cytoplasm in
plant cells
* Similar to ‘Gap
Junctions’ in animal cells
Plasmodesmata
32
integrated within the
phospholipid bilaye
Transmembrane
33
are associated with the inner
surface
Peripheral protiens
34
results in movement of
Molocules
35
defined as movement across a
permeable membrane
Transport
36
indicates movement of molecules is driven by
diffusion
Passive transport
37
have hydrophilic inner
‘tunnel’ thru which polar and ionic
molecules may pass unimpede
Channel protiens
38
attach and shuttle
molecules across membrane, undergo a
subtle shape chang
Carrrier protiens
39
the passive transport of H2O
Osmosisi
40
channel proteins that facilitate
H2O transport at high rate
Aquaporins
41
describes the direction of movement into or out of a
cell; a cell may gain or lose water depending on the
surrounding aqueous solution
Tonicity
42
solute concentration outside
cell is lower than solute inside of ce
Hypotonic
43
solute concentration
outside of cell is higher than solute inside cell
Hypertonic
44
Red blood cell in marine water shrinks and
shrivels up (crenate
Hypertonic
45
Metabolic energy is used to pump molecules
across the membrane
* against the gradient, or
* at a rate GREATER than the rate of
diffusion
Active Transport
46
allows cells to maintain
concentration gradients that differ from their
surroundings
Active Transport
47
transport protein that
generates voltage across a membrane
electrogenic pump
48
pumps help store energy that can
be used for cellular work
Electrogenic Pumps
49
Bulk transport across the plasma membrane
occurs by
Exocytosisi and endocytosis
50
transport vesicles migrate to
the plasma membrane, fuse with it, and
release their contents
exocytosis
51
the cell takes in
macromolecules by forming new vesicles
from the plasma membrane
endocytosis
52
Energy may be transformed or transferred,
but neither created nor destroyed
First Law Of Thermodynamics
53
With each energy transformation and
transferral, some energy will be transformed
into thermal energy
Second Law
54
Energy available to do work (G) i
Free Energy
55
release free energy
– products have less free energy than reactants
– products are more stable than reactants
Spontaneous reactions
56
Only ______can be used to do work
Spontaneous reactions
57
Reactions that release energy are
Exergonic Reactions
58
Energy stored in chemical bonds is
released when bonds are broken
Exergonic Reactions
59
reactions require an input of
energy
Endergonic
60
Bonds are formed, energy input, stored
Endergonic reactions
61
is the breaking down of
complex molecules
– Bonds broken, energy released (exergonic
rxs)
– Produces metabolites
Catobolism
62
is the building of complex
molecules from smaller components
– Bonds are formed, energy input (endergonic
rxs)
– Uses metabolites
Anabolism
63
The transfer of a phosphate
group to reactant molecule, making it more
reactive (less stable
Phosphorolation
64
regeneration
of ATP from ADP and phosphate
Catoblic reactions
65
any substance that increases
the rate of a chemical reaction
Catalyst
66
Organic catalysts utilized by
biological systems to increase the rate of
metabolic reaction
Enzymes
67
Is the reactant an enzyme acts on
The substrate
68
Forms when the enzyme binds to its substrate
enzyme-substrate complex
69
Temperature
– pH
– Concentration of substrate
– Presence of regulators
activity of an enzyme is affected by
general environmental factors
70
Regulation of enzymes is means of
regulation of
Metabolsim
71
activate
or inhibit enzyme activity from
site other than active sit
Allosteric Regulators
72
catabolism of
glucose
C ellular Respiration
73
Breakdown of glucose is coupled to
the
synthesis of ATP
74
Hydrolysis of ATP is COUPLED
to cellular
work
– transport, mechanical, chemical work
75
Coenzymes are organic
Cofactors
76
to ‘shuttle or
carry’ item downstream in pathway
Coenzymes
77
Oxygen is
highly electronegative
78
causes the oxidation of another molecule
– becomes reduced in the process
– oxygen is NEVER oxidized, nothing pulls
electrons from it
Oxygen
79
A series of redox reactions transfer pairs of
electrons from one molecule to another
ETS
80
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
Aerobic Cellular Respiration
81
Pathway divided into 3 stages
– Glycolysis
– Krebs Cycle (a.k.a. Citric Acid Cycle)
– Electron Transport System (ETS)
ACR
82
Glucose enters cell by Facilitated Diffusion
* Enzymes in cytoplasm catalyze the splitting of
glucose (lysis)
* One C-6 molecule → Two C-3 molecules
Glycolosis
83
As glucose is split, electrons are removed
(first Redox reaction)
* There to accept the electrons are molecules
of the coenzyme NAD+ (first reduction rx)
* Product of reduction is NADH
– NAD+ + 2e- (plus a proton)→ NAD
Oxidation of Glucose
84
TP is formed by ‘phosphorylating’ ADP
– Source of phosphate varies
* If transferred from organic (substrate):
– substrate-level phosphorylation
– as in glycolysi
Phsoporolation
85
Glucose (C6) + 2 ATP + 2 NAD+ →
2 Pyruvate (C3) + 2 NADH + 4 ATP
Glycolosisi
86
Pyruvate (C3) is oxidized as it is transported into the mitochondrion (matrix) – transition stage
Krebs Cycle
87
Carboxyl groups are removed
– CO2 molecules produced and released as waste
2nd Stage
Krebs
88
This type of reaction is a DECARBOXYLATION
Rx
Krebs
89
Oxidizes the acetyl group from pyruvate
– Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondri
Citric Acid Cycle ( Krebs)
90
2 Pyruvate (C3) → 6 Carbon dioxide (CO2)
+ 2 ATP + 6 NADH* + 2FADH2
Krebs Cycle
91
Electron Transport Chain is a series of molecules
embedded in the CRISTAE
3rds stage of Aerobic respiation
92
These molecules receive electrons handed off from the
coenzyme
ETC
93
Final
Electron Acceptor
Oxygen
94
The energy released in thel’
transfer is INDIRECTLY used to
synthesize ATP
Downhill
95
Chemiosmosis is coupled DIRECTLY to
ATP Sythasis
96
Electron Transport Chain is INDIRECTLY used to
Sythasisi ATP
97
energy released by the electron transport chain
(Redox) is used to transport (pump) H+ across the
inner membrane of the mitochondrion
Chemiosmosis
98
he
driving force the results from
the electrochemical gradient
Proton Motive Force
99
Electrons (from numerous coenzymes) + 2 O2 →2 H2O
+ Energy (26 to 28 ATP)
ETS
100
ATP from glycolysis
2
101
ATP From Krebs Cycle
2
102
ATP (from ETS)
26 to 28
103
Glucose + 2NAD+ +2ATP → 2Pyruvate + 2NADH + 4ATP
Alohol fermentation
104
A phospholipid bilayer that encloses the entire organelle.
Outer membrane
105
A second phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the stroma,
which is the fluid-filled interior of the chloroplast.
Inner mEMBRANE
106
Name the organelles found in a plant cell that are NOT found in animal cells.
Chloroplasts, Cell wall, Large central vacuole, Plasmodesmata, Amyloplasts.
107
The space inside the inner membrane that contains mitochondrial
DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes involved in the citric acid cycle, which is also
involved in producing ATP.
Matrix
108
The ----- is a complex, dynamic network of interlinking protein filaments
present in the cytoplasm of all cells, including those of bacteria and archaea.
Cytoskeleton
109
The hydrolysis of ATP IS
EXERGONIC
110
moving against gravity. Not a free fall
Mechanical:
111
movement across a membrane. Diffusion driven
transport. Not all transport is work
Transport
112
Endergonic chemical reactions that require energy. Dehydration
reactions.
Chemical
113
Energy (like money) may be ‘invested’ to increase ‘yield’
2 ATP’s are used (investment), but 4 ATP’s are produced (yield)
-2 ATP plus 4 ATP = 2 ATP (net yield)
Excellent investment (double your money)
114
Electron Transport Chain is a series of molecules embedded in the
Chrstae
115
The energy released by the electron transport chain (Redox) is used to transport
(pump) H+ across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion
Chemiosmosisi
116
source of potential energy used to drive
ATP synthesis (an endergonic reaction)
Electrochemical gradient
117
the driving force the results from the electrochemical
gradient
Proton motive force
118
As the H+ diffuse back, (thru the enzyme ATP synthase) energy is released and
used to drive the endergonic reaction:
ADP + P →ATP
119
As the H+ diffuse back, (thru the enzyme ATP synthase) energy is released and
used to drive the endergonic reaction:
ADP + P →ATP
