Unit 3 Flashcards
1
Q
An enduring emotional bond with another person (seek comfort and security from this person in times of distress or uncertainty)
A
attachment
2
Q
- caregiver response: consistently responsive, consistently sensitive and appropriate to child’s needs
- internal working model: positive, secure
- infant behavior: uses parent as secure base; likely to be upset during separation, but seeks contact and calms during reunion
A
secure attachment style
3
Q
- caregiver response: consistently unresponsive, or consistently insensitive or inappropriate
- internal working model: negative, avoidant
- infant behavior: explores freely; similar behavior to stranger as parent; not particularly reactive during separation or reunion (but may be ‘masking’)
A
insecure/avoidant attachment style
4
Q
- caregiver response: inconsistently responsive, or inconsistently sensitive or appropriate
- internal working model: negative, anxious
- infant behavior: clingy, very upset during separation; not easily soothed during reunion and may both seek and resist contact with parent
A
insecure/ambivalent attachment style
5
Q
- warmth (responsiveness): sensitivity, responsiveness, acceptance, involvement, patience; promotes emotional connection
- control (demandingness): demands, rules, expectation, supervision, feedback; promotes maturity and alignment with social standards
A
features or parenting styles
6
Q
- higher control, lower warmth
- heavy control over child behavior, desire for authority, lower displays of positivity and affection
A
authoritarian parenting style
7
Q
- higher control, higher warmth
- clear and reasonable expectations, consistent feedback, with warmth and sensitivity to child’s needs
A
authoritative parenting style
8
Q
- lower control, lower warmth
- low involvement in terms of supervision and responsiveness to child’s needs
A
disengaged parenting style
9
Q
- lower control, higher warmth
- high responsiveness to child, but weak or inconsistent enforcement of rules and expectations
A
permissive parenting style
10
Q
- growth in autonomy and self-regulation
- increasing role of peer relationships
- risk-taking, sensation-seeking, but also executive function
- growth in moral reasoning and self-identity
A
adolescence
11
Q
- ‘in between’ period from about 18-25 years
- delay in adult ‘social clock’ compared to older generations
A
emerging adulthood
12
Q
- less focus in developmental frameworks
- relationships
- parenting and family relationships
- close/romantic relationships and adult attachment
- work-life balance
- spillover between work and personal life
- achieving a sense of productivity in one’s life
- relationships
A
young and middle adulthood
13
Q
- growing interest in gerontology and aging research
- Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
- older adults are more selective with their socioemotional and psychological resources
- can focus on the present rather than plan for the future
- bias towards positive information
A
older adulthood
14
Q
how we perceive ourselves and others
A
person perception
15
Q
evaluate orientation towards a particular target
A
attitude
16
Q
consciously held, can be stated, involve awareness (even if private)
A
explicit bias
17
Q
automatic, below conscious awareness
A
implicit bias
18
Q
mental representation (schema) about a group
A
stereotype
19
Q
negative attitude about a group (or members of a group)
A
prejudice
20
Q
shorter reaction time to sort paired concepts have stronger association in implicit memory; longer reaction time if paired concepts have weaker association
A
Implicit Association Test (IAT)
21
Q
- discomfort that results from a sense of conflict between one’s beliefs, values, and/or attitudes and one’s actual behaviors
- motivates a desire to resolve (or avoid) such conflicts (ex. change attitudes, change behaviors, match beliefs, etc.)
A
cognitive dissonance
22
Q
explanation about the causes of behavior
A
attribution
23
Q
attribute others’ behavior to internal (vs. situational) factors
A
person bias
24
Q
attribute own success to internal factors, failure to situational factors
A
self-serving attribution biases
25
people with younger looking features tend to be perceived as honest, warm and kind however more naive and helpless, less mature
baby-face bias
26
people who is considered physically attractive are associated with better qualities compared to people who are less attractive
attractiveness bias
27
change in behavior to mimic the behavior or preferences of other people in one's environment (due to real or imagined group pressure)
conformity
28
pressure to be correct or accurately understand the world
informational influence
29
pressure to maintain social approval
normative influence
30
lower likelihood of helping in the presence of others vs. alone
bystander effect
31
a phenomenon that occurs when people mistakenly believe that everyone else holds a different opinion from their own when they see an action that they think is wrong and no one is doing something to stop it
pluralistic ignorance
32
refers to the decreased responsibility of action each member of a group feels when they are part of a group
diffusion of responsibility
33
change in behavior in response to a request
compliance
34
make small request, then add larger request
foot-in-the-door
35
make (too) large request, then smaller
door in the face
36
offer attractive request, then switch to less-attractive
bait-and-switch
37
get agreement, then increase request
low ball
38
label person as one who would comply with request
labeling
39
change in behavior response to direct commands from an authority figure
obedience
40
- group size
- unanimity
- expertise/status
- ambiguity
factors that influence conformity
41
- reciprocity
- commitment/consistency
- authority
- social proof
- liking/friendship
factors that influence compliance
42
- loss of responsibility
- legitimacy of authority
- proximity
- models
factors that influence obedience
43
psychological concept relating to the tendency for the presence of others to improve a person's performance on a task
social facilitation
44
refers to a decline in motivation and effort found when people combine their efforts to form a group product
social loafing
45
refers to the tendency for a group to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members
group polarization
46
phenomenon that occurs when a group of well-intentioned people makes irrational or non-optimal decisions spurred by the urge to conform or the belief that dissent is impossible
groupthink
47
respect and protect the personal needs and rights of people who participate in research, including those in vulnerable populations
autonomy
48
minimize risks to participants relative to the benefits [of research]
beneficence
49
distribute risks and benefits of research equally across different populations
justice
50
promote truth and honesty in all aspects of research
integrity
51
- informed consent, lack of coercion
- limiting deception, debriefing participants
- anonymity and/or confidentiality of study data
- honesty and integrity in data collection, data analysis, and publication process
practices that uphold ethical principles
52
- Open to experience
- Conscientiousness
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism
Big 5 Personality Traits
53
open to ways of thinking or being curious about things
open to experience
54
being able to control one's behavior to achieve goals
conscientiousness
55
enjoy interpersonal interactions, outgoing, assertive
extraversion
56
treating others with sympathy and concern, good natured, trusting
agreeableness
57
experiencing distressing emotions and thoughts
neuroticism
58
emphasizes competing mental forces as a basis for individual differences in behavior
psychodynamic approaches to personality
59
emphasizes individual differences in the conscious experience of self, motivation, and beliefs
humanistic approaches to personality
60
emphasizes individual differences in beliefs about one's self and about the world, conscious or unconscious
social-cognitive approaches to personality
61
pathology, i.e., disorder, of a psychological nature
psychopathology
62
deviance, distress, dysfunction, danger
psychological disorders
63
atypicality of thoughts or behavior
deviance
64
negative thoughts and emotions
distress
65
inability to lead a typical life
dysfunction
66
things that are in place in an individual before the onset of a disorder is known
predisposition (predisposing cause)
67
acute. or immediate events in one's environment that bring on the disorder
precipitation (precipitating cause)
68
things that are consequences of the disorder that prolong the disorder
perpetuation (perpetuating cause)
69
predisposition (diathesis) leads to disorder for those exposed to less-ideal environments (stress)
diathesis-stress patterns
70
- generalized anxiety disorder, phobias, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder
- trauma and stressor-related disorders, e.g., acute stress disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder
anxiety disorders
71
- depression, eg., major depressive disorder
- bipolar disorder
mood disorders
72
- disordered thoughts and speech
- positive symptoms
- delusions, hallucinations
- disorganized behavior
- inappropriate to context, catatonic behavior
- negative symptoms
- reduction or absence of expected responses
schizophrenia
73
- deficits in social communication and social interaction
- restricted or repetitive patterns of behavior or interest
autism spectrum disorder
74
- hyperactivity, impulsivity, poor behavioral control
- and/or difficulty shifting or focusing attention
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
75
- cluster A: odd or eccentric
- paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
- cluster B: dramatic or emotional
- antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
- cluster C: anxious or fearful
- avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive
personality disorders
76
- emphasis on psychological disorders as disrupted or malfunctioning biological processes
- role of clinician: alter neurological and bodily processes
biomedical treatment
77
- psychopharmacology
- psychosurgery
- electroconvulsive therapy
- brain stimulation techniques
examples of biomedical treatment
78
- emphasis on unconscious influences on thoughts and behaviors, adaptive role of the ego
- possible roles of therapist
- encourage clients to bring unconscious drives, motivations, and influences into conscience awareness
- interpret free associations, dreams, childhood memories, "slips of the tongue", etc.
- encourage clients to understand and harness their reality
psychodynamic approach to psychotherapy
79
- emphasis on conscious self-actualization, self-direction, and self-esteem
- possible roles of the therapist
- see: client-centered therapy, motivational interviewing, Gestalt therapy, experiential therapy
- express empathy, unconditional positive regard, and active listening
- help client arrive at their own conclusions, be non-directive, avoid providing explicit advice
- encourage clients to focus on the present and reduce discrepancies between their current behavior and their goals
humanistic approach to psychotherapy
80
- emphasis on the alteration of maladaptive thoughts and beliefs, and thus alter their consequences
- typical role of therapist
- direct client to identify, dispute, and reinterpret maladaptive thoughts and beliefs
- ... and thus, create more adaptive consequences for the client's belief
cognitive approach to psychotherapy
81
- emphasis on the replacing of maladaptive behaviors with adaptive behaviors and focuses on learning via conditioning and modeling
- possible roles of therapist
- see: exposure therapy, token economies, contingency management
- help client identify/ extinguish maladaptive conditioned responses
- help client identify and replace reinforces for maladaptive behaviors
- provide adaptive models for client behavior
behavioral approach to psychotherapy
