Unit 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Functional Groups
A
Group of atoms responsible for chemical characteristics.
- Alcohol (-ol)
- Ether
- Aldehyde
- Ketone
- Carboxylic Acid
- Ester
- Amine
2
Q
4 Categories of Molecules
A
- Amino Acids (Proteins)
- Fatty Acids (Lipids)
- Carbohydrates and Alcohols
- Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA)
3
Q
DNA
A
Deoxyribonucleic acid
- Deoxyribose sugar
- Polymer of monomer nucleotides
- Pentose sugar
- Double Helix - ATCG
Stable/stays same/long lifespan
4
Q
RNA
A
Ribonucleic acid
- Ribose sugar
- Pentose
- Polymer of monomer nucleotides
- Single strand - AUTG
Dynamic/changeable/short lifespan
5
Q
Hydrophilic
A
Structures easily mix with H2O
6
Q
Monomer
A
Single subunits or building blocks. Combine through covalent bonds to form polymers. (Dehydration synthesis)
7
Q
Polymers
A
Monomers combined
8
Q
Polypeptides
A
More than two/Small string of amino acids (polymers)
9
Q
Dipeptide
A
Two aminos bonded
10
Q
Peptidases/Proteases
A
Enzyme that breaks peptide bonds (hydrolysis)
11
Q
Proteins
A
- Carry out cell functions
- Created by amino acid monomers
- 30-100 amino acids
- Synthesized in ribosomes
- Peptidases break down
12
Q
Ribosome
A
Cell machine that synthesizes proteins
13
Q
Dehydration synthesis
A
Reaction that puts monomers together while losing H2O.
14
Q
Hydrolysis
A
Reaction that inserts H2O across the bond and breaks polymers back to monomers
15
Q
Amino acids
A
- 2 C and a N form the backbone
- One amino group -NH2
- One carboxyl group -COOH
- 20 common types
- String together to form proteins
16
Q
Protein structures
A
Shape is critical to function
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
- Quaternary
17
Q
Enzymes
A
- Catalysts in bio chemical reactions
- Usually complex or conjugated proteins
- Specific for the substrate
- Breakdown, rearrangement, or synthesis reactions.
18
Q
Hormones
A
- Chemical signaling molecules
- Usually small proteins or steroids
19
Q
a-helix
A
- Secondary structure of protein
- shape together by hydrogen bonds
- spiral shape
20
Q
B-pleated sheet
A
- Secondary structure of proteins
- Hydrogen bonds, hold the shape
- Directional arrow together in pleats
- Blunt end -NH2 / Arrow end -COOH
21
Q
Tertiary structure
A
- Polypeptide 3 dimensional structure
- Created by interactions among the R- groups.
- Hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonding, hydrogen, bonding, and disulfide linkages.
22
Q
Quaternary structure
A
- Several polypeptides or sub units interacting.
23
Q
Hydrophobic
A
“Water fearing” or insoluble in water
24
Q
Lipid characteristics
A
- Non-polar/Hydrophobic
- Fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids and steroids
- Covalent bonds w/equal sharing
25
Protein Motif
Commonly seen arrangements of proteins that serve a specific purpose
1. Beta Barrel - Large Pore in Membrane
2. Helix Turn Helix - binding DNA/turning genes on and off
26
Properties of Amino Acid R groups
1. Negatively Charged (Acids)
2. Positively Charged (Bases)
3. Non Polar (Hydrophobic)
4. Polar uncharged (Hydrophilic)
27
Amino Acid R group
-Negatively Charged
1. Aspartate
2. Glutamate (nerve signaling molecule)
Differ by 1 CH2 in the R group
Acids/Proton Donors
28
Amino Acid R Group
- Positively Charged
1. Lysine
2. Arginine
3. Histidine
Proton acceptors/bases
Interact with -DNA molecules
29
Amino Acid R Group
- Non-polar
1. 10 Amino acids that cannot form hydrogen bonds
2. Prefer to be surrounded by lipids or each other
3. Hydrophobic
30
Amino Acid R Group
- Polar Uncharged
1. Forms Hydrogen Bonds
2. Hydrophilic
3. No charge “equal sharing”
4. Disulfide bonds (cysteine)
31
Primary Sequence (Proteins)
1. The order that amino acids are connected.
2. Folded to form the functional protein
32
Interactions that keep proteins folded
1. Ionic bonds (opposite charges attract)
2. Hydrophobic
3. Disulfide linkages (between SH on cysteines)
4. Hydrogen bonds (polar groups charged or uncharged)
33
Substrate
The molecules that enzymes act upon
34
Product
Molecules that are created by enzymes
35
Cofactor/coenzymes
1. Chemicals which help enzymes work better (vitamins)
36
Sub categories of Lipids
1. Steroids/cholesterol
2. Fatty acids
(Sat, unsat, polyunsat)
37
Steroids
1. Based on cholesterol structure
2. Include cholesterol itself, estrogens, testosterone, cortisol, and vitamin D.
3. Subcategory lipids
38
Fatty Acids Characteristics
1. Long chain molecules rich in C & H
2. Backbones 4-20 carbons end to end
3. Each end with a -COOH group
Sat/unsat/poly
39
Saturated Fatty Acids
1. All carbons are filled/saturated with hydrogen
2. Solid at room temperature.
40
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids
1. A double bond, causing a kink and less Hydrogen atoms
41
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
1. Multiple double bonds/kinks
2. Liquid at room temperature
42
Triglycerides
Three fatty acid chains added to a glycerol molecule.
43
Sugars classified by
Number of Carbons
5C - Pentoses
6C - Hexose
44
Saccharides
Carbohydrate sugars
45
Carbohydrate characteristics
Carbon-Hydrogen-Oxygen ratio 1:2:1
1. End is -ose
2. Sugar/saccharides
46
Pentose
5 Carbon sugars
1. Not a food source
2. Essential for DNA/RNA structures
3. Ribose and Deoxyribose
47
Hexose
6 Carbon Sugars
1. Food source
2. Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose.
48
Ribose
Sugar component of RNA
49
Deoxyribose
Sugar component of DNA
50
Glucose
1. Monosaccharide
2. Preferred energy source
3. Essential blood sugar component
4. Linear form or ring structure
51
Fructose
1. Monosaccharide
2. Converted to Glucose in the liver
3. Major sugar in fruits/honey
52
Galactose
1. Monosaccharide
2. Component of Lactose (Glucose& Galaxtose)
53
Monosaccharide (5)
Single sugar molecule
1. Glucose
2. Fructose
3. Galactose
4. Ribose
5. Deoxyribose
54
Disaccharide
Two joined sugar molecules (dehydration synthesis)
1. Sucrose (table sugar)
2. Maltose (malt sugar)
3. Lactose (milk sugar)
55
Polysaccharide
Three or more joined sugar molecules
1. Starch
2. Cellulose
3. Glycogen
56
Isomers
Molecules with the same #of atoms in a different arrangement
57
Cellulose
1. Polysaccharide
2. Glucose in Beta config
3. Humans cannot break down with enzymes (insoluble fiber)
4. Bacteria can break down = gas
58
Starch
1. Polysaccharide
2. Glucose used by plants
3. Broken down by amylases enzyme into glucose
59
Glycogen
1. Polysaccharide
2. Storage energy form of glucose
Approx 100g stored in liver
Approx 400g stored in muscles
60
Alpha configuration (saccharides)
Able to breakdown
61
Beta configuration (saccharides)
Not able to be broken down
62
Nucleic Acids
Acidic molecules found in the nucleus
1. DNA
2. RNA
63
Nitrogenous Base
Core molecules in each nucleotide
Pyrimidines - Cytosine and Thymine
Purines - Adenine and Guanine
64
Nucleosides
Nitrogenous base + sugar
- Pyrimidines
1. Cytidine / 2’deoxycytidine
2. Uridine (rna only)
3. 2’deoxythymidine (dna only)
- Purines
1. Adenosine / 2’deoxyadenosine
2. Guanosine / 2’deoxyguanosine
65
Nucleotides
Nucleoside + phosphate group
Monomers that make DNA/RNA
A, T/U, C, G
66
5’ to 3’
The process which enzymes read the directions of DNA/RNA
Carbon 5’ to 3’
67
Phospholipids
1. Diglyceride
2. Phosphate containing head (water lovin)
3. Hydrocarbon tail (water hatin)
4. Amphipathic
68
Amphipathic
Cell has a polar and non-polar part (e.g. phospholipids)
69
Lipoproteins
1. Lipid and protein combo
2. Polar surface
3. Non polar Lipid core
4. Used to carry lipids in water soluble blood
70
Liposome
1. Lipid structure
2. Spherical version of the cell membrane
3. Inner space used to deliver drugs to specific tissues
71
Micelles
Grouping of lipid molecules that form in a solution
72
Lipid bilayer
1. Cell membrane is formed by lipid bilayers
2. Phosphorus head towards water based side
3. Fatty acid tails inward towards each other
73
Denaturation
1. Loss of biological activity
2. Proteins and DNA
3. Disrupts hydrogen bonds with heat
4. Basis of PCR - Polymerase Chain Reaction
74
ATP
1. Adenosine triphosphate
2. Energy currency of cells
3. Excess energy is stored as phosphate bonds
4. Energy requirements, released from phosphate bonds.
AMP, ADP, ATP
75
Cyclic
Phosphate attached to sugar in two places. 5’ and 3’
