unit 3 Flashcards
in science what is the refinement of ideas?
refinement of ideas is the norm, and scientific knowledge can be thought of as the current best explanation, which may then be updated after evaluation of further experimental evidence
how can conflicting data or conclusions be resolved
Conflicting data or conclusions can be resolved through careful evaluation or can lead to further experimentation.
what is failure to find an effect
Failure to find an effect (a negative result) is a valid finding, as long as an experiment is well designed
what are the 3 Rs
Replacement, refinement reduction
what is Replacement
Avoiding or replacing the use of animals in areas where they otherwise would have been used.
what is Reduction
Minimising the number of animals used consistent with scientific aims.
what is Refinement
Minimising the pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm that research animals might experience.
what is the null hypothesis
The null hypothesis proposes that there will
be no statistically significant effect as a result of the experiment treatment
when do scientific ideas become accepted
Scientific ideas only become accepted once they have been checked independently
what do effects need to be
Effects must be reproducible; one-off results
are treated with caution.
scientific cycle stages
observation; construction
of a testable hypothesis; experimental design; gathering, recording, and analysis of data; evaluation of results and conclusions; the formation of a revised hypothesis where necessary
what happens if there is evidence for an effect, unlikely due
to chance
the null hypothesis is
rejected
what is the importance of publication of methods,
data, analysis, and conclusions in scientific
reports
so that others are able to repeat an experiment
what are some common methods of sharing original
scientific findings
seminars, talks and posters at conferences, and publishing in academic journals.
what is the use of review articles
to summarise current knowledge and recent findings in a particular field
what do most scientific publications use
Peer review
what is peer review
Peer review is when specialists with expertise in the relevant field assess the scientific quality of a submitted manuscript and make recommendations regarding its suitability for publication.
Define validity
variables controlled so that any measured effect is likely to be due to the independent variable.
Define accuracy
data, or means of data sets, are close to the true value.
define reliability
consistent values in repeats and independent replicates
Define precision
measured values are close to each other.
in animal studies what are the 3 Rs for
to avoid, reduce or minimise the harm to animals
what is used to avoid, reduce or minimise the harm to humans
Informed consent, the right to withdraw, and
confidentiality
what can influence scientific research
Legislation, regulation, policy and funding can all influence scientific research
