unit 3

Question 1

biosphere

Answer 1

where life is found

Question 2

ecosystem

Answer 2

group of communities

Question 3

community

Answer 3

group of population

Question 4

population

Answer 4

group of organisms

Question 5

k-selected species

Answer 5

reproduce late in life, small number of offspring with long life spans, lower population growth rate, high parental care

Question 6

r-selected species

Answer 6

large populations of small-sized offspring, early reproductive age, high rate of population increase, low parental care

Question 7

biotic potential

Answer 7

unrestricted pop growth allows for max pops; k = low biotic potential, r = high biotic potential

Question 8

type 1 surviviorship

Answer 8

late loss (death due to old age), high survivorship, mammals

Question 9

type 2 survivorship

Answer 9

environment causes death independent of age, birds/reptiles

Question 10

type 3 survivorship

Answer 10

lowest survivorship in youth, early loss, most common

Question 11

density dependent factors

Answer 11

environmental factor on population change, determined by density; ex. predator population, disease, competition

Question 12

density independent factors

Answer 12

environmental factor affecting size of population but not influenced by changes in population density; ex. random weather events, resource shortages

Question 13

carrying capacity

Answer 13

number of organisms that can be supported by an ecosystem without environmental degredation

Question 14

population exceeds carrying capacity

Answer 14

overshoot occurs, resource depletion = dieback occurs from disease, famine, conflict

Question 15

malthusian theory of carrying capacity

Answer 15

catastrophe occurs; above crisis = insufficient resources, below crisis = excess of resources

Question 16

developed countries

Answer 16

high average per capita GDP, highly industrialized, slower pop. growth; ex. US, Japan, Australia, Canada

Question 17

developing countries

Answer 17

low/middle income, low/moderate per capita GDP, fast growing, all other countries, most of Asia, Africa, Latin America

Question 18

world pop. growth

Answer 18

has decreased, is now 0.88%

Question 19

population growth will continue to occur until..

Answer 19

dieback occurs OR BR = DR and population growth rate reaches 0

Question 20

growth can be affected by

Answer 20

density dependent (access to clean water, spread of disease) and independent (drought, famine) factors

Question 21

replacement fertility level

Answer 21

of children a couple must bear to replace themselves, 2.1 in developed, 2.5 in developing

Question 22

total fertility rates

Answer 22

estimated average number of children a woman will have during reproductive years, highest TFR in africa, developed = TFR below replacement rate

Question 23

what factors affect TFR

Answer 23

importance of children in labor force, cost of raising and educating kids, availability of private/public pension, urbanization, education and employment for women, infant mortality rate, average age at which women start having kids, availability of contraception/family planning

Question 24

crude birth rate

Answer 24

of live births/1000 people/year, have been decreasing

Question 25

crude death rate

Answer 25

of deaths/1000/year, have been decreasing faster than CBR

Question 26

factors affecting death rates

Answer 26

people started living longer - increased food supplies and distribution, better nutrition, improved public health, improved sanitation and hygiene, safer water supplies

Question 27

demographic transition model

Answer 27

how economic development affects population overt time, 4 stages

Question 28

preindustrial stage

Answer 28

hunter-gatherer, agriculture, harsh conditions, high birth and death rates, may experience slow growth, NO COUNTRIES IN STAGE 1

Question 29

transitional stage

Answer 29

some industrialization, food production rises, health care improves, death rates drop, birth rates remain high

Question 30

industrial stage

Answer 30

widespread industrialization, birth control, jobs and education available, kids are $$, birth rates decline, population growth slows

Question 31

postindustrial stage

Answer 31

sustainable use of resources, 0 population growth or decline, 37 of countries today

Question 32

problems associated with declining population

Answer 32

number of people paying for public pension program declines, number of people withdrawing from public pension rises, labor market shrinks = number of unfilled jobs increases, less people to care for elderly

Question 33

role of family planning

Answer 33

responsible for half of total fertility rate drops in developing countries

Question 34

population growth in the future

Answer 34

97% is expected to take place in developing countries, poverty = higher brith rates (less contraceptives, birth control, etc.)

Question 35

economic rewards

Answer 35

$$ offered to those who use sterilization or contraceptives

Question 36

economic penalties

Answer 36

china penalizes couples who have more than one or two kids with taxes, fees, etc. (one-child policy)

Question 37

consequences of not controlling population growth

Answer 37

higher death rate due to declining health and environmental conditions, human footprints + increases resource use = degrades environment

Question 38

how can you reduce population growth

Answer 38

increase economic roles for women, advance women's rights, gov supports family planning, free contraceptives + ads/encouragement for contraceptives

Question 39

2 factor population change (# of people)

Answer 39

B-D

Question 40

4 factor population change (# of people)

Answer 40

(B+I) - (D+E)

Question 41

calculate rate of increase/growth rate

Answer 41

% = population change/original population x 100

Question 42

calculate rate of increase/growth rate WITH crudes

Answer 42

% = CBR-CDR/10

Question 43

doubling time

Answer 43

70/rate of increase