Unit 3

Question 1

Describe the Scientific Cycle

Answer 1

hypothesis

Test the Hypothesis

Collect Data

Analyse data

Accept, Reverse or Reject hypothesis

Analyse, test and revise

Question 2

When does an experiment produce negative results

Answer 2

hypothesis is wrong
experiment carried out wrong

Question 3

Why are knowledge of results important

Answer 3

prevents needless duplication of results
Present a more realistic representation

Question 4

What is a null hypothesis

Answer 4

proposes that there will be no statistically significant effect

Question 5

\\why is publishing important

Answer 5

others are able to repeat the experiment for validity and reliability

Question 6

Name types of scientific publication

Answer 6

seminars
conferences
posters
publishing in academic journals

Question 7

What must be included in a publication

Answer 7

methods
data
analysis
conclusions

Question 8

What is Peer review

Answer 8

specialists with expertise in the relevant field assess the scientific quality of your report

Question 9

How can integrity and Honesty be assured in scientific reports

Answer 9

unbiased presentation of results
avoiding plagiarism
reduce opportunity for dishonesty
supply references

Question 10

what 3 things must you remember with animal studies

Answer 10

replace
reduce
refine

Question 11

What 3 things must you remember with human studies

Answer 11

informed consent
right to withdraw
confidentiality

Question 12

What must be carried out before every experiment

Answer 12

risk assessment

Question 13

What is a hazard

Answer 13

anything that may cause harm

Question 14

What is a risk

Answer 14

the chance, whether high or low, that somebody COULD be harmed

Question 15

What is validity

Answer 15

variables are controlled

Question 16

What is accuracy

Answer 16

data and means close to true value

Question 17

what is precision

Answer 17

mean values are close to eachother

Question 18

What is reliability

Answer 18

consistent values in repeats and independant replicates

Question 19

What is a pilot study

Answer 19

a small preliminary study conducted in order to evaluate the requirements for the experiment

Question 20

What is an independant variable

Answer 20

the one that changes

Question 21

What is a dependant variable

Answer 21

the one being measured

Question 22

What is a confounding variable

Answer 22

other variables besides the independant variable that may affect the dependant variable

Question 23

Benefits of in vivo studies

Answer 23

provides data for effects
allows study of complex interations

Question 24

Cons of in vivo

Answer 24

expensive ad time consuming
difficult to interpret results
difficult to prove causation

Question 25

Benefits of In Vitro

Answer 25

simple and less expensive easier to control confounding variables interpretation of results is simpler

Question 26

Cons of in Vitro

Answer 26

difficult to model complex interactions Difficult to Extend results to whole organism or different species

Question 27

When are observational studies used

Answer 27

uses existing groups as its difficult to control independent variables

Question 28

What are controls used for

Answer 28

comparisson

Question 29

What is a positive control

Answer 29

system can detect positive result -effect when there should be an effect

Question 30

What is a negative control

Answer 30

provides results in the absence of treatment -no effect when there should be no effect

Question 31

Types of Sampling

Answer 31

representative - same mean and variation random - equal chance of selection systematic - selected at regular intervals stratisfied - put into categories and sampled proportionately

Question 32

Difference between a repeat and a replicate

Answer 32

Repeat= repeated using same set in same period Replicate = repeats whole investigation using new set of equipment

Question 33

Describe quantitative data

Answer 33

measured objectively (without opinion) numerical value take values from a finite set discrete

Question 34

Describe Qualitative data

Answer 34

subjective and descriptive can take any value continuous

Question 35

What is ranked data

Answer 35

ordered from smallest to largest

Question 36

When can a valid conclusion not be made

Answer 36

when the experimental design was flawed

Question 37

Why should one-off results be treated with caution

Answer 37

not repeated for reliability not checked experimentally for flaws in experimental design

Question 38

Why is replication important

Answer 38

limits the potential for misuse of data

Question 39

What is the purpose of a randomised block design

Answer 39

controlling confounding variables

Question 40

Discuss the principles and strategies that should be employed in the collection of representative samples.

Answer 40

same mean same level of variation random sampling/avoid selection bias stratified sampling

Question 40

What happens in a random experimental design

Answer 40

objects or individuals are randomly assigned to an experimental group

Question 41

why is randomisation the most reliable way of creating similar treatment groups

Answer 41

doesnt involve bias or judgements

Question 42

What happens inn a randomised block design

Answer 42

subjects divided into similar blocks before randomly assigned to a treatment group

Question 43

What ca data be described as if it is far from the true value line

Answer 43

unreliable

Question 44

Why should sample sizes be large

Answer 44

allows results to be tested statistically

Question 45

What is the use of a pilot study

Answer 45

allows development and improvement of experiment design is suitable for testing hypothesis avoid wasting money avoid flawed techniques