unit 3

Question 1

Culture

Answer 1

Refers to the unique way of life, shared values, norms and everyday practice characteristics of a particular group in society. These are learnt by members and passed onto following generations.

Question 2

Material Culture + example

Answer 2

Refers to the physical objects and tangible aspects of culture created by members that are used to define and attach meaning to their culture.

Yidaki (didgeridoo)

Question 3

Non-material culture + example

Answer 3

Refers to the ideas passed down by members of a group about their culture. These include beliefs, values, rules, norms, morals, language and knowledge, which serves as a guide for how members see the world and run it as well as outlining expected behaviour.

The Rainbow serpent, dreamtime story exploring the kinship with country.

Question 4

What is the sociological imagination?

Answer 4

The ability to see the link between public issues and private troubles - C Wright Mills. This means to be able to see the way an individual’s personal circumstances may have correlation with a current problem within society.

Question 5

Cultural Relativism + historical and contemporary representations

Answer 5

Cultural relativism involves attempting to understand a culture by looking at it according to the culture’s own standards.

Question 6

Ethnocentrism + historical and contemporary representations

Answer 6

Ethnocentrism is evaluating and passing judgement on another culture by using the evaluator’s own culture as the yardstick for what is right and best. The evaluator often views their own culture as superior, and the other as inferior.

Question 7

3 Misconceptions

Answer 7

1. Past perception that Australia was land that belonged to no-one prior to European arrival
2. The perception that Australian Indigenous people share one culture
3. The perception that Australian Indigenous people mainly live in arid areas of Australia

Question 8

How is the past perception that Australia was land that belonged to no-one prior to European arrival debunked

Answer 8

Eddie Mabo from Mer Island debunked this misconception in 1992 through the Mabo vs Queensland case. By having his case won this allowed Meriam people to get their connection and rights to their country back.

Question 9

How was The perception that Australian Indigenous people share one culture debunked

Answer 9

An article published by Koorihistory.com debunks this myth as they raise awareness that “didgeridoos belong to northern australia” and “dot paintings are an ancient central australia art style”. This shows the differences in Aboriginal culture rather than it being homogeneous.

Question 10

How was the perception that Australian Indigenous people mainly live in arid areas of Australia debunked

Answer 10

84.7% (ABS, 2021) of Indigenous Australians do not live in arid or remote areas.

Question 11

Reconcilitation

Answer 11

The process of recognising injustice and inequity to improve the relationship between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. This is achieved by understanding how historical experiences impact contemporary ones. Rests on the commitment of mutual understanding and moving forward.

• ongoing process

Question 12

Symbolic Reconciliation

Answer 12

Refers to an approach that focuses on the rights of Indigenous Australians through actions and gestures, rather than money and resources.

Question 13

Practical Reconciliation

Answer 13

This is an approach that focuses on providing services and/ or funding to address the inequalities.

Question 14

Public Views

Answer 14

Refers to the way something is regarded, interpreted or perceived. Views can vary with the changing amount of knowledge (awareness) an individual has.

Question 15

Public Awareness

Answer 15

level of knowledge about australian indigenous culture

Question 16

Ethnicity

Answer 16

Refers to a shared cultural heritage and way of life.

Question 17

Race

Answer 17

The categorisation of a group of people based on physical characteristics such as skin colour, eye shape, hair type and bone structure.

Question 18

Difference between race and ethnicity

Answer 18

Can be self determined rather than determined from the ‘outside

Question 19

Why sociologist prefer ethnicity over race

Answer 19

Encompasses cultural experiences and not reliant on biological factors

Question 20

Other

Answer 20

Is a turn of phrase used by sociologists to describe the way in which groups of people define those as different to themselves. It is a way to split social groups into ‘us and them’.

Question 21

Othering

Answer 21

Encompasses the choices groups of people make by defining their identity in opposition to groups of people who do not share (or are perceived as not sharing) a similar culture, heritage, ethnicity and political or economic experiences. It is the process of making another become the ‘other’ - e.g. this might be through language choices.

Question 22

Ethnic Hybridity

Answer 22

refers to the process of creating new cultural identities by combining different cultural elements from diverse ethnic groups.

Question 23

3 Positive experience of Ethnic Hybridity

Answer 23

1. Being able to connect with more people from different groups because you have a broader range of things in common
   2.ability to express in a multitude of ways and experience different things
   3.speaking multiple languages

Question 24

3 Negative experiences of Ethnic Hybridity

Answer 24

1. Feeling ‘split’ when they’re raised in a different environment than the ethnic background of their parents.
2. Unwanted pressure to uphold particular elements of one culture over another
3. Confusion about self

Question 25

Comparative Method

Answer 25

The process that sociologists use to assess how cultures differ across and between societies. It analyses similarities and differences in experiences between cultures and across nations.

Question 26

Australia vs Canada First Generation of Migrants Top Ethnic Group Main language spoken

Answer 26

First Generation Migrants: 30%, 26.4% - similar percentage Top Ethnic Group: 33%, 18% - both english, similarity Australia has one main language: ENglish spoken by 72%, Canada has 2, French 30% and 80%.

Question 27

Historical concept of Multiculturalism

Answer 27

‘White Australian policy’ or Immigration Restriction act in 1901 prevented people from entering Australia if they did not adhere to the social construction of being ‘white’.

Question 28

Multiculturalism

Answer 28

Multiculturalism is the practice of several different cultures coexisting peacefully and equitably in a single country.

Question 29

Contemporary concept of Multiculturalism

Answer 29

Is characterised by language around diversity and inclusion, as well as efforts to increase the diversity of representations in media and advertising. Such as Harmony Day

Question 30

Belonging

Answer 30

Belonging refers to the emotional experience of feeling secure and supported within a group. It includes the feelings of acceptance and inclusion among members of a particular community.

Question 31

Inclusions

Answer 31

Inclusion refers to individuals and groups having the resources, opportunities and capabilities to learn, work, engage and have a voice in society.

Question 32

Preventer

Answer 32

Preventers are factors that limit, obstruct or make it difficult for an individual or group to feel safe and included in multicultural Australia.

Question 33

Enablers

Answer 33

Enablers are factors that encourage, promote, or make it possible for an individual or group to feel safe and included in multicultural society.

Question 34

Political Factors

Question 35

Media Factors

Question 36

Cultural Practices

Answer 36

Cultural practices refer to the customs and traditions that are unique to a certain ethnic group.

Question 37

Ethical Methodology

Question 38

4 guidelines of Ethical Methodology

Answer 38

1. Voluntary Participation 2. Informed consent 3. Privacy 4. Confidentiality of data

Question 39

Voluntary Participation

Answer 39

Refers to the willing involvement of research participants and the awareness of their right to refuse to participate in a research project without having to give a reason or justification for their decision.

Question 40

Informed Consent

Answer 40

the formal agreement of an individual to participate in a research project. This occurs after the person has been informed of what participation involves and how the research will be conducted and analysed. Each person should sign a consent form, which outlines the key features of their rights.

Question 41

Privacy

Answer 41

Refers to the use of methods, such as disguising personal identities in written and oral reports of the research, in order to protect the identity of participants.

Question 42

Confidentiality of Data

Answer 42

involves using methods to ensure that the data (information) gathered from research participants is carefully and securely stored.

Question 43

Community

Answer 43

Community refers to a group of people who share social relationships through being geographically close to each other and/or being in regular contact with each other, and through having similarities such as mutual interests and/or shared ideology.

Question 44

6 types of communities

Answer 44

1. Geographical Community 2. Cultural Community: religious 3. Community organisation 4. Interest based communities: sports club or community garden 5. Intentional Communities: retirement village 6. Online Communities

Question 45

Industrialization

Answer 45

Refers to the process of transforming an economy from an agricultural-based one to a manufacturing-based one; this involves the introduction of machines and technology to increase productivity and efficiency.

Question 46

Urbanisation

Answer 46

Refers to the growth of cities and the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas; this often occurs due to the creation of jobs in urban areas, which can provide better opportunities for work.

Question 47

Gemeinschaft

Answer 47

Ferdinand Tonnies - Relationships on a community- level that are cohesive, close and long lasting. Often used to describe family relationships and relationships within small geographical communities.

Question 48

Gemeinschaft 3 features

Answer 48

1. Strong social cohesion and belonging 2. Bonds are intimate and personal 3. Opposing and/or different cultural values and views can threaten homogeneity of the community 4. Reliance on close family ties keeps tradition and values alive and clear 5. Vulnerable to change i.e technological advances

Question 49

Gesellschaft

Answer 49

Ferdinand Tonnies - Relationships on a societal-level that are individualistic and impersonal. Used to describe post-industrial and urban relationships, where people are more anonymous, private and busy.

Question 50

Gesellschaft 3 features

Answer 50

1. Sense of belonging can be cultivated based on one’s individual needs and preferences rather than the dominant norms and expectations in a Gemeinschaft community 2. Potentially weak social ties which are temporary and susceptible to breakdown since they’re largely motivated by self interests. 3. Tradition and custom and no longer binding forces so individuals have freedom to choose where they want to belong 4. More equal participation by and inclusion of women as a result of the feminists movement

Question 51

Two similarities between Maffesoli and Tonnies theories

Answer 51

1. Tonnies and Maffesoli theories both highlight the common pattern of humans forming social connections via communities. 2. Both explore the impact of change on the concept of community

Question 52

2 Differences between Maffesoli and Tonnies theories

Answer 52

1. Tonnies focuses on split/ dichotomy as he believes that they can't coexists whilst Maffesoli focus on fluidity 2. Tonnies focus on the negative effects of modernisation, while Maffesoli sees the benefits.

Question 53

Neo Tribe

Answer 53

Michel Maffesoli - Refers to a dynamic and loosely formed community that is brought together by a shared interest in seeking a sense of belonging. According to the theorist Michel Maffesoli, these social groups have formed in response to constantly shifting identities within modern societies.

Question 54

Three factors of Neo-Tribes

Answer 54

1. Territory: physical space or environment where the tribe is located and plays a significant role in shaping sense of identity 2. Common Taste 3. Phenomenon of 'return to the eternal child'

Question 55

The Three SC's

Answer 55

When talking about belonging: Social Cohesion Social Connectedness Social Capital

Question 56

ICT

Answer 56

ICT refers to the equipment and machinery that is used to store and/or distribute information; for example, computers, mobile phones, the Internet and social media.

Question 57

Economic Factors

Answer 57

Economic factors refer to a group’s access to financial resources. These resources are influenced by many factors, such as group members’ contributions, donations, government funding and insurance.

Question 58

Social Factors

Answer 58

Social factors refer to elements within society that influence the behaviour, attitudes and beliefs of individuals and groups.

Question 59

Geographical Factors

Answer 59

Geographical characteristics refer to a range of features, including proximity and accessibility, climate, scenic quality, landforms, natural resources, built features such as community centres or other relevant characteristics.

Question 60

Social Change

Answer 60

Social change refers to the alteration of culture and social institutions over time, reflected in social behaviour.

Question 61

Social Movement

Answer 61

A social movement is an organised activity that encourages or discourages social change.

Question 62

How are social change and social movement interrelated

Answer 62

Social movements come about from the need to create a social change. Social change comes from the activities from the social movements

Question 63

4 Types of Social Movements

Answer 63

1. Alternative 2. Reformative 3. Redemptive 4. Revolutionary

Question 64

Alternative Social Movement

Answer 64

Groups that encourage individuals to change certain attitudes and/or types of behaviour and replace them with new behaviours that they view as more desirable. Limited change, Specific individuals

Question 65

Redemptive

Answer 65

Groups that want to bring about sweeping and radical changes in individuals. Radical Change, Specific Individual

Question 66

Reformative

Answer 66

While being generally satisfied with existing society, these groups seek limited social change in some specific areas that target all members of society. Limited change, everyone

Question 67

Revolutionary

Answer 67

Revolutionary social movements: These groups have a strong dissatisfaction with the existing society. They seek to radically alter society’s fundamental structure of practices. Everyone, Radical change

Question 68

Forms of Decline

Answer 68

1. Success: achieved their aim 2. Failure: failed to achieved their aim 3. Coopation: being absorbed by another movement. 4. Repression: Government and other organisations preventing social movements to continue, like through physical force. 5. Going Mainstream:

Question 69

Power

Answer 69

Sociologists define power as the ability to impose one’s will on others even if those others resist in some way.

Question 70

Types of Power

Answer 70

1. Reward 2. Legitimate 3. Coercive (to use force or threats) 4. Referent 5. Expert 6. Informational

Question 71

Reward - Power

Answer 71

Based on the ability to provide a positive incentive (reward) for compliance.

Question 72

Coercive - Power

Answer 72

Based on the ability to provide a consequence for non-compliance.

Question 73

Legitimate - Power

Answer 73

Based on the belief that a person has the formal right to make demands.

Question 74

Referent - Power

Answer 74

Based upon identification with, attraction to, or respect for the leader. This can include people with large followings or strong reputations: for example, having a celebrity add their voice (and resources) to a social movement.

Question 75

Expert - Power

Answer 75

Base on the belief of superior insight, knowledge or abilities: for example, having an expert speak on behalf of the movement.

Question 76

Informational - Power

Answer 76

Based on the ability to control the information others need to accomplish their goals. - Media

Question 77

Violence

Answer 77

Violence: the use or involvement of physical force intended to hurt, damage or kill someone Violence cannot be done to property or ‘things’.

Question 78

2 Key points of Erica Chenoweth research

Answer 78

1. Non-violent resistance achieved success at twice the rate of violent resistance movements 2. Mass Mobilisation: 3.5% of the relevant population is needed to create a social change