Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AP Psychology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

(104 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Developmental psychology consists of both ___________ of development &/or ________ _______ in development though out the lifespan

A

Chronological order (year to year)

Thematic issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Thematic issues to development are (3 themes of developmental research)

A

Stability & change, nature & nurture, continuous & discontinuous stages of development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Stability & change

A

Stability- traits and behaviors that stay the same throughout life

Change- traits and behaviors that are more fluid/flexible throughout life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Continuity vs discontinuity
(Similar to nature vs nurture)

A

Continuity- view that development is gradual, continuous process

Discontinuity- view that development occurs in a series of distinct stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Time horizon

A

How many times data is collected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cross-sectional study
(Pros and cons)

A

One time study/collection of data from group

Pros- cheaper, quicker, easier
Cons- static view point, sensitive to timing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Longitudinal study
(Pros and cons)

A

Collection of data from same group (multiple times) over time

Pros- less sensitive to timing, can identify patterns, order
Cons- more resources, impractical at times (people get tired of it)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Teratogens

A

Chemicals & viruses that can be harmful to a baby in the womb

(Maternal illness, genetic mutations, hormonal changes, and environment factors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Gross motor

A

Physical (bigger milestones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Fine motor

A

Skills (smaller milestones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Infants poses reflexes like

A

Rooting reflex; survival skills
(Newborns have preference for faces to make connections)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Habituation

A

Decrease responsiveness with repeated exposure (threat becomes not as threatening)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Visual cliff

A

Born with visual depth perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Konrad Lorenz Theory

A

Critical and sensitive periods in infancy and childhood have developmental effects, especially in skills like language

Some animals will imprint on the first thing they encounter as a means of survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Imprinting

A

New born animals follow what they see and what is always around (mothers); watching and following

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the main physical and psychological milestones that occur in adolescence?

A

adolescent growth spurt and puberty
Develops primary and secondary sex characteristics during this time,
such as menarche and spermarche

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Adulthood is most of the lifespan and is characterized by a general leveling off
and then a varying decline in…

A

reproductive ability (i.e., menopause), mobility,
flexibility, reaction time, and visual and auditory sensory acuity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Gender

A

Culture’s expectation about what it means to be a man or a woman. Defined by your body but mind’s understanding is affected by your biology and experiences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Gender Biases in workplaces

A

Perceptions of differences (he’s so/she’s so…) compensation (salary) family care responsibility (mothers vs fathers) social norms, interaction styles, every day behavior, leadership styles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Gender Roles

A

The social expectations that guides behavior as men or women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Piaget Cognitive Theory of Development

A

Explains how a child constructs a mental model of the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Schema

A

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Assimilation

A

Intepretting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas (no change in schema)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Accommodation

A

Adapting to our current schemas (understanding) and incorporate new info (change in schema)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Object Permanence
The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
26
Egocéntrism
In Piaget’s theory the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s POV
27
Conservation
Principle (which Piaget believed to be part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties like mass, volume and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
28
Piaget’s theory of Cognitive Development Charts
Sensorimotor: from birth - 2yrs Preoperational: 2-7 yrs Concrete Operational: 7-11 Formal Thinking: 11 and up
29
Lev Vgotsky
Children are social learners, learn by interacting with and building off of other people in the same boat as them (in their proximal development)
30
Zone of Proximal Development
Gap between what a learner can do independently and what they can do with help
31
Crystalized Intelligence
Stored knowledge accumulated over the years and remains relativly stable throughout life
32
Fluid Intelligence
A person is able to think outside the box to solve problems using their judgement and logic
33
Phonemes
Small distinctive sound unit in language (that = 3)
34
Morphemes
Small language units that carry meaning (ing, s, re, dis)
35
Semantics
Meaning of a word, phrase, sentence, etc
36
Language development of a child
3 months: cooing and gurgling 6 months: babbling 12 months: first words 18 months: 5-40 words 2 yrs; 2-3 word sentences 3 yrs: short sentences 4 yrs: 5-word sentences 5 yrs: Identifies letters and makes longer sentences
37
Learning Pyramid
Speech>talking>understanding>play>look and listen>adult/child interaction
38
Ecological Systems Theory (child)
Microsystems - immediate environment Mesosystem - connections between environments Exosystem- indirect environments Macrosystems- social and cultural values Chronosystems-changes over time
39
Authoritarian
Focus on obedience, punishment over discipline
40
Authoritative
Create relationship and enforce rules
41
Permissive
Don’t enforce rules, “kids will be kids”
42
Uninvolved
Provides little guidance, nurturing or attention; Neglectful
43
Mary Ainsworth
The strange situation (attachment in infants) Measures security of an infant in 1-2 yrs old
44
8 stages Baby + mother + researcher
1st: mother and baby (explore environment or cling to mom) 2nd: mother and baby and stranger (baby’s response to stranger) 3rd: baby and stranger (baby’s response to stranger- separation anxiety?) 4th: mother and baby and stranger (baby’s response to mom’s return?) 5th: mom and baby 6th: baby alone 7th: baby and stranger; mom and baby
45
Secure Attachment
Distress when separated with mom, avoidant of strangers unless mom is there, happy to see mom when she returns (70% of infants)
46
Ambivalent Attachment
Intense distress when separated from mom, significant fear of stranger, approach mother but reject contact upon her return (15% of infants)
47
Avoidant Attachment
No interest when separated from mom, play happily with stranger, ignore mom after separation (15% of infants)
48
Disorganized attachment
Inconsistent attachment behaviors (4% of infants)
49
Caregiver Sensitivity Hypothesis
Difference in infant attachment styles are dependent on the mother’s behavior during critical period of development
50
Harry Harlow
Cloth and Wire Monkey Experiment- found that children prefer the "cloth mother," or are more attatched to a caregiver that provides warmth and love than one that just provides basic needs "wire mother"
51
Parallel Play
2 or more kids playing side by side without interacting. May observe other kids and mimic their actions. Common with kids who haven’t developed body awareness and social interaction skills
52
Children interact with peers via play
Fun fact
53
Adolescents gradually rely on peer relationships as they age
Fun fact
54
Social Clock
Culture plays a role in determining when adulthood begins and when major life events occur
55
Ericksen’s Social Development Stages (Basic Conflict)
Each stage in life is marked by a specific conflict
56
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACES)
Aces have effects on relationships people form throughout life
57
Ivan Pavlov
Russian physiologist who discovered Classical Conditioning
58
Classical Conditioning
A type of unconscious or automatic learning
59
Unconditioned Stimulus
Stimulus (or trigger) that leads to an automatic response Ex. If a cold breeze makes you shiver, the breeze is an unconditioned stimulus; produces and involuntary response (the shivering)
60
Unconditioned Response
Automatic response or a response that occurs without thought when an unconditioned stimulus is present Ex. If you smell your favorite food and your mouth starts watering, the watering is an unconditioned response
61
Neutral Stimulus
Stimulus that doesn’t initially trigger a response on its own. Ex. If you hear the sound of a fan but don’t feel the breeze, it wouldn’t be necessarily trigger a response, making it a neutral stimulus
62
Conditioned Stimulus
Stimulus that was once neutral (didn’t trigger a response) but now leads to a response Ex. If you previously didn’t pay attention to dogs, but then got bit by one, and now you feel fear every time you see a dog, the dog becomes a conditioned response
63
Conditioned Response
Learned response or a response that is created where no response existed before Ex. Being bitten by a dog, the fear you experience after the bite is the conditioned response
64
John Watson
“Little Albert” Experiement was a classical conditioning experiment. Watson paired the white rat with a loud bang repeatedly to create an association between the two unrelated stimuli (loud band and white rat), and little Albert (the baby) began fearing the white rat without the loud bang
65
Acquisition
Initial stage of learning, when a response is first established and gradually strengthened The result of a conditioned stimulus being connected to an unconditioned stimulus
66
Extinction
Conditioned response decreases or disappears
67
Spontaneous Recovery
Learned response can suddenly reemerge, even after a period of extinction
68
Generalization
Tendency for a conditioned stimulus to evoke (return to the mind) similar responses after the response has been conditioned
69
Discrimination
Ability to differentiate b/n a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus Pavlov taught the dogs that they needed to respond to a specific bell tone to receive food
70
Classical conditioning Key Principles
Acquisition, Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery, Generalization, and Discrimination
71
Higher Order Learning
In classical conditioning, and also known as second-order conditioning, is a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus (CS) of one experiment acts as the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) of another Ex. 1. Can opener (CS), opens the food (UCS), the cat salivates (UC Response). 2. Squeaky Cabinet (second-order stimulus), owner grabs can opener from cabinet (CS), then cat salivates (CR) 3. Squeaky Cabinet (SOS), then cat Salivates (CR)
72
Operant Conditioning
Type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment
73
Edward Thorndike
Law of Effect- rewarded behavior is likely to happen again
74
B.F. Skinner
developing the theory of Operant Conditioning- method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior Made the OC chamber for mouse
75
Reinforcer
Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows (positive or negative)
76
Positive Reinforcement
Strengthens a response by presenting a stimulus after a response
77
Negative Reingorcement
Strengthens a response by reducing or removing an aversive stimulus
78
Shaping
A procedure in OC in which reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer towards a goal
79
Primary Reinforcer
A natural reinforcing stimulus
80
Conditioned (2nd) Reinforcer
Stimulus that gains it reinforcing power through its association w/ a primary reinforcer Ex. Money helps reinforce behaviors because it can be used to acquire primary reinforcers such as food, clothing, and shelter
81
Continuous Reinforcement
Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs (quick acquisition and quick extinction) Ex. a reward given to an animal every time they display a desired behavior
82
Partial Reinforcement
Reinforcing a response only part of the time (slower acquisition but greater resistance to extinction) Ex. Gambling tempted to persist in their behavior in hopes that they will eventually be rewarded
83
Fixed-ratio Schedules
Schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses Ex. you give Cookie Monster a cookie every 5 times he sings “C is for cookie”
84
Variable-ratio Schedule
A schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses Ex. you give Homer a donut at random times when he says “Doh!”
85
Fixed-interval Schedule
Schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed Ex. you give Bart a Butterfinger every ten minutes after he moons someone
86
Variable-interval Schedule
Schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response that unpredictable time intervals Ex. Pop Quizzes
87
Social Learning Theory
Proposes that learning can occur by observation and does not have to involve personal experience with a consequence (vicarious conditioning). Ex. Learning can occur by copying the behavior of ro-models (Monkey see = monkey do)
88
Bandura Bobo Doll Experiment
Bandura carried out a study in which researchers physically and verbally abused a clown-faced inflatable toy in front of preschool-age children, which led the children to later mimic the behaviour of the adults by attacking the doll in the same fashion
89
Insight Learning
Discovered by Wolfgang Kohler Occurs when the solution to a problem occurs without any association, consequence, or model
90
Latent Learning
Occurs when info is learned w/out reinforcement but isn't immediatly obvious. LL is often demonstrated by cognitive maps
91
Piagents Theory of Cognitive Development: Sensorimotor
Knows object is still there even if out of sight and knows they can control the object
92
Piagents Theory of Cognitive Development: Preoperational
Begins to use language Egocentric thinking and hard for them to see other povs Classifies objects by single feature (color)
93
Piagents Theory of Cognitive Development: Concrete Operational
Logical thinking Recognizes numbers, weight, and mass Classifies objects by many features
94
Piagents Theory of Cognitive Development: Formal Operational
Advanced logical thinking about complex topics Worries about hypothetical situations and the future Creates hypothesis and tests them
95
Extinction in classical conditioning
When a response to a conditioned stimulus diminishes or disappears due to the absence of the unconditioned stimulus
96
Albert Bandura's observational learning theory
children imitate each other bc they watch others actions and copy them
97
Erik’s Psychosocial Stages: Infancy (0-1)
trust vs mistrust
98
Erik’s Psychosocial Stages: Early Childhood (1-3)
Autonomy (self governed) vs shame/doubt
99
Erik’s Psychosocial Stages: Play Age (3-6)
Initiative vs guilt
100
Erik’s Psychosocial Stages: School Age (7-11)
Industry vs. inferiority
101
Erik’s Psychosocial Stages: Adolescents (12-18)
Identity vs. confusion
102
Erik’s Psychosocial Stages: Early Adulthood (19-29)
Intimacy vs. Isolation
103
Erik’s Psychosocial Stages: Middle Age (30-64)
Generativity vs. stationed (Be part of a society and family)
104
Erik’s Psychosocial Stages: Old Age (65- over)
Integrity vs. Dispare (Assess and make sense of life and meaning of contributions

AP Psychology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions