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AP Psychology > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Stress has been linked to
physiological issues such as

A

hypertension,
headaches, and immune suppression

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2
Q

Stressors can be viewed as

A

motivating (eustress) or
debilitating (distress)

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3
Q

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)

A

are sources of stress
that can affect a person throughout the lifespan

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4
Q

General Adaption Syndrome

A

Identified by Hans Selye

Our stress response system defends, then fatigues

Phase 1- Alarm reaction (stressor occurs)
Phase 2- resistance to stress; only lasts so long
Phase 3- Exhaustion; recovery; prone to illness

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5
Q

The tend-and-befriend theory

A

proposes that some people react to stress by tending to their own needs and/or the needs of others and seeking connection with others

More common in women

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6
Q

Problem-focused coping

A

involves seeing stress as a problem to be solved and working solutions until a solution is found

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7
Q

Emotion-focused coping

A

involves managing emotional reactions to stress as a means of coping. Strategies that are emotion-focused may include deep breathing, meditation, or taking medication aimed at reducing stressful emotional responses

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8
Q

Positive Psychology

A

seeks to identify factors that lead to well-being, resilience, positive emotions, and psychological health

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9
Q

A classification of character strengths has been developed around 6 categories of virtues:

A

wisdom (knowlege, creativity, open mindedness, perspective), courage (honesty, bravery, and percerverence), humanity (kindeness, love, social intelligence), justice (Fairness, leadership, teamwork), temperance (Forgiveness, modesty, prudence and self regulation), and transcendence (Appreciation of beauty, gratitude, hope, humor)

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10
Q

Posttraumatic growth

A

a positive subjective experience, may result after the
experience of trauma or stress

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11
Q

What are factors used to identify
psychological disorders?

A

Level of dysfunction, perception of distress, and deviation from the social norm

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12
Q

Most psychologists employ which approach when diagnosing and treating clients

A

Eclectic Approach (using more than one psychological perspective)

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13
Q

What would the Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic perspective say causes a disorder?

A

Internal, unconscious drives, root in
childhood

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14
Q

What would a Humanistic perspective say causes a disorder?

A

Failure to strive to one’s potential or being out of touch with one’s feelings, being too sensitive to others’ criticisms/judgments, lack of positive regard as a child

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15
Q

What would a Behavioral perspective say causes a disorder?

A

Reinforcement history, the environment. At some point the abnormal behavior has been rewarded or reinforced & is now an established pattern of behavior

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16
Q

What would a Cognitive perspective say causes a disorder?

A

Irrational, illogical, dysfunctional thoughts or ways of thinking lead us to misperceive the world (leading to abnormal behavior)

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17
Q

What would a Sociocultural perspective say causes a disorder?

A

Society & culture help define what is acceptable behavior

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18
Q

What would the Biological/Neuroscience perspective say causes a disorder?

A

Organic problems, biochemical imbalances, genetic predispositions (very popular in US right now)

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19
Q

The evolutionary perspective proposes?

A

that the causes of mental disorders focus on behaviors and mental processes that reduce the likelihood of survival

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20
Q

The biopsychosocial model assumes?

A

that any psychological problem potentially involves a combination of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

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21
Q

The diathesis-stress model assumes?

A

that psychological disorders develop due to a genetic vulnerability (diathesis) in combination with stressful life experiences (stress)

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22
Q

ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder)

A

Description- persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity interfering with daily functioning

Prevalence- 11% and more common in males

Cause/Risk- genetics, drugs and alcohol, brain structure

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23
Q

Autism (Autism Spectrum Disorder; ASD)

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A

Description- challenges in social interaction, communication, and restricted, repetitive behaviors

Prevalence- 2.3% and more common in males

Cause/Risk- genetic mutations, parental exposures (toxins, infections), and older parents

24
Q

Schizophrenia

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A

Description- hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and impaired social functioning

Prevalence- about 1% and slightly more common in men but fairly equal

Cause/Risk- genetics, parental complications, early childhood trauma, and dopamine dis regulation

25
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Description- persistent low mood, loss of interest or pleasure, fatigue, and feelings of worthlessness lasting at least 2 weeks Prevalence- 8% and more common in women Cause/Risk- genetics, chronic stress, hormonal imbalances, and brain structure
26
Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)
Description- chronic depression lasting for at least 2 years but with less severe symptoms of MDD Prevalence- 15-20% and more common in women Cause/Risk- genetics, chronic stress, and bad childhood experiences
27
Bipolar Diorder
Description- mood swings b/n manic/hypomanic episodes (elevated mood/energy) and depressive episodes Prevalence- 2.5% and equal Cause/Risk- genetics, neurotransmitter imbalances, and stressful life events
28
Phobia
Description- intense fear of a specific object or situation, disproportionate to the actual threat Prevalence- 10% and more common in women Cause/Risk- traumatic experiences, learned behavior, and genetics
29
Agoraphobia
Description- fear of being in situations where escape might be difficult, often leading to avoiding public places Prevalence- 2% and more common in women Cause/Risk- panic disorder, trauma, and genetics
30
Panic Disorder
Description- recurrent, unexpected panic attacks and fear of future attacks Prevalence- 3% and more common in women Cause/Risk- genetics, stress, and changes in brain chemistry
31
Social Anxiety Disorder
Description- intense fear of social situations due to fear of being judged or embarrassed Prevalence- 10% and more common in women Cause/Risk- genetics, negative social experiences, and brain abnormalities
32
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Description- excessive worry about various aspects of life, lasting 6 months or more Prevalence- 5% and more common in women Cause/Risk- genetics, chronic stress, and brain structure
33
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Description- recurrent obsessions (intrusive thoughts), and/or compulsions (repetitive behaviors) causing distress Prevalence- 1.5% and almost equal but slightly more common in women Cause/Risk- genetics, serotonin imbalances, and early trauma
34
Hoarding Disorder
Description- persistent difficulty discarding possessions, leading to clutter and distress Prevalence- 4% and equal Cause/Risk- family history, trauma, and attachment issues
35
Dissociative Disorders
Description- disruptions in memory, identity, or consciousness, often linked to trauma
36
Dissociative Amnesia
Description- inability to recall important personal information, usually related to trauma Prevalence- 1% slightly more common in women Cause/Risk- severe trauma, abuse, or stress
37
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
Description- presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states Prevalence- 1.5% and more common in women Cause/Risk- severe and prolonged trauma or abuse
38
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Description- mental health condition triggered by experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event, characterized by intrusive thoughts, flashbacks, nightmares, hypervigilance, and emotional numbing Prevalence- 8% and more common in women Cause/Risk- trauma, genetics, brain structure
39
Anorexia Nervosa
Description- An eating disorder characterized by severe restriction of food intake, intense fear of gaining weight, and distorted body image Prevalence- 0.6% and more common in women Cause/Risk- genetics, serotonin disregulation, perfectionism, low self esteem, family history, social media
40
Bulimia Nervosa
Description- An eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating but then compensatory behaviors (vomiting, exercise) to avoid gaining weight Prevalence- 0.3% and more common in women Cause/Risk- genetics, hormonal imbalances, depression, anxiety, impulsivity
41
Personality disorders
Enduring patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experiences that deviate from societal expectations and are grouped in 3 clusters
42
Personality Disorder Cluster A
Description- paranoia, schizoid, schizotypal personality disorders Prevalence- 6% and equal but slightly more common in men Cause/Risk- genetic link to schizophrenia, childhood trauma or neglect
43
Personality Disorder Cluster B
Description- narcissistic, antisocial, histrionic personality disorders Prevalece- 4% and more common in women Cause/Risk- childhood abuse/neglect, genetics, temperament (mood changes very suddenly)
44
Personality Disorder Cluster C
Description- Avoidant, dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive personality disorders Prevalence- 6% and more common in men Cause/Risk- overprotective or neglectful upbringing, family history
45
Psychologists in clinical or therapeutic situations must follow certain ethical principles as established by the APA, including..?
nonmaleficence (not harming the patient), fidelity (faithfulness), integrity, and respect for people’s rights and dignity
46
Psychodynamic Therapy
attempt to help clients find patterns in their emotions, thoughts, and beliefs in order to gain insight into their current self
47
Cognitive Therapy
forming a clear idea of your own thoughts, attitudes and expectations. The goal is to recognize and change false and distressing beliefs
48
Behavioral Therapy
a range of treatments and techniques which are used to change an individual's maladaptive responses to specific situations
49
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
treatment approach for a range of mental and emotional health issues, including anxiety and depression. Aims to help you identify and challenge unhelpful thoughts and to learn practical self-help strategies
50
Humanistic Therapy
a range of different types of therapy that focus on a person as an individual with unique potential and abilities. This type of therapy is more focused on helping them overcome their difficulties through personal growth
51
Neurodevelopment Disorders
A group of disorders that begin in the developmental period. Symptoms focus on whether the person is exhibiting behaviors appropriate for their age or maturity rage
52
Hypnosis
Has shown effectiveness in treating pain and anxiety. Research doesn’t support that it will retrieve accurate memories
53
Psychoactive Medications
Antidepressants, Anti-anxiety drugs, lithium, or antipsychotic medications interact with specific neurotransmitters in the central nervous system to address possible biochemical causes of mental disorders. They can have side effects such as tardive dyskinesia (a movement disorder related to the regulation of dopamine in the nervous system)
54
American Psychiatric Association
Developed the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of mental disorders
55
The World Heath Organization
developed the International Classification of Mental Disorders (ICD) to classify disorders

AP Psychology (6 decks)

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