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Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Thermosphere

A

Not many gases
Where satellites orbit ans the aurora’s are found

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2
Q

Mesosphere

A

Coldest layer
Where most meteorites burn
1st layer to have atmospheric gasses

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3
Q

Stratosphere

A

Where ozone is that protects us from uv radiation
No weather

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4
Q

Exosphere

A

Space

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5
Q

Troposphere

A

1st 10 km
Where airplanes fly and weather occurs

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6
Q

Weather

A

Short term changes of an area
Occurs in troposphere

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7
Q

Climate

A

Long term average weather of an area

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8
Q

Atmosphere

A

78% nitrogen ans 21% oxygen
Air has more weight and density closer to ground
Higher you go = lower temp and lower pressure

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9
Q

Factors that contribute to climate ans weather

A

Earths tilt and orbits
Unequal heating kf earth
Atmospheric convention current
Earths rotation
Oceans
Microclimayes

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10
Q

Earths tult and orbits

A

Axis of 23.3 degrees
365.25 days to orbit
Part of earth tilted toward sun will experience summer because of direct rays
Part of earth tilted away from sun will experience winter bc of less direct rays
Seasons caused by angle of which rays hit earth

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11
Q

Unequal heating of earth

A

Equator receives most direct and constant sun = stable and warm climates
Closee to poles = increasing angle = temp decrease

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12
Q

Atmospheric convection currents

A

Adiabatic hearing ans cooling
Are is wadmes by sun radiation = less dense and less pressure = rises
High altitudes = air cools and continues to rise being bushed by hot air
Cold air precipitated
Cool air falls to ground and rewards
Large scale currents called cells

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13
Q

Earths rotation

A

Earth spins counter clockwise in n hemisphere and clockwise in s hemisphere
Coriolis effect: wind ans water deflected right in n hemisphere and left in s hemisphere
Effect is largest and poles ans smallest at equator

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14
Q

Global winds

A

6 convection cells
2 polar cells at poles
Ferrell cells from 60 to 30 degrees
2Hadley cells from 30 to equator

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15
Q

60 degrees latitude

A

Westerlies

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16
Q

30 latitude

A

Cool air falls
High pressure deserts

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17
Q

Equator

A

Warm air rises
Low pressure rainforest

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18
Q

Oceans

A

Driven by winds

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19
Q

Sea breeze

A

Land heats up faster than ocean
Breeze will blow from sea (high prssure) to land (low pressure)

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20
Q

Ocean gyres

A

5 massive circular current systems caused by the coriolis effect

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21
Q

Upwellings

A

Winds push water away from coast and js replaced with nutrients dense deep ocean water
Plankton use these nutrients to produce energy, supporting their food we’ve
Takes past along w coast kf some continents

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22
Q

El nino

A

Some yrs tropical trade winds slow down or reverse direction
Push warm waters toward the coast = mo unwilling
Collapsed food web
Economic loss from fishing
Rainy and floody in s America
Droughts ans wild fires in Australia

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23
Q

la nina

A

an enhancement of natural tropic trade winds/ opposite of el nin
more upwelling = more biodiverse food web and fishing $
cold and dry in S america and wet in australia

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24
Q

microclimates

A

climate of a local area is i=different from the general climate around it
caused by humidity, elevation, and urban islands

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25
humidiity
WATER HAS a high heat capacity = temp change resistant more humid a place is = less temp fluctuation b/w day and night warm air holds onto moisture more caused by: air temp, proximity to water, and evapotranspiration
26
elevation
elevateed terrain lifts air until it cools and percipitates rainshadow effectr
27
rainshadow effect
LEEWARD SIDE OF A MT HAVING ARID CONDITIONS DUE TO THE COOLING/PRECIPITATION THAT OCCURON THE WINDWARD SIDE
28
urban island heat
man-made microclimate metro area temp is hootter in city than outside caused by buildings bloking colder air, industry heat, little vegetation, dark surfaces
29
albedo
percetange of incoming sunlight that is reflected from a surface a white surface has a higher albedo than a blakc surface
30
solutions ot urban island heat
strategic building so that wind passes through city place factories on outskirs light colored buildings increase green spaces use less energy
31
most important climatic factors
temperature and percipitation
32
glbal rainfall
depends on global winds driven by the sun rays hiting the equaot causies air to rise and then percipitate
33
tropical rainforest
highest percipitation most stable temperature high humidiity large tropic trees highet biodiversity epiphytes nutrient poor soils
34
hot deserts
low rainfall occur at latittures of 30 north and s of equator plants and animals need special adaptations
35
savanna/tropical grassland
open grassland w/ scacre shrubs and trees b/w rainforests and deserts warm temp yr round periodic fires wet and dry seasons large herbivores and predators dominate
36
temperate grasslands
cooler temps than tropical grasslands wet and dry seasosns are much more dramatic praries seasonal precipitation lower biodiversity than tropical grasslands richest soils ex" great plains
37
temperate rainforests
yr round rainfall large, old growh trees seen at higher latitudes than tropical rainforests moderate temps
38
temperate decidupus forest
dominated by decidous trees like oak, hickory, elm, maple and ash which lose leaves in winter moderate rainfall dramatic appearance of all 4 seasosn
39
coniferous forest/taiga.boreal forest
largest biome higher latittude than deciduous coniferous trees that dont lose their leaves in winter: pine shorter growing season ong cold winters, mild summers high humidity moderate percipitation ex" redwoods
40
chaparral
coastal biome hot, dry summers and mild, rainy windters spiny evergreen shrubs maintaed by fire
41
tundra
cold desert bitter cold, high winds short growing season permafrost arctic low perciptation
42
primary productivity
a measure of producers in an ecosystem NPP = GPP - R helps perdict biomass/biodiversiy in other trophic levels rainforest = highest desert = lowest tundra = 2nd lowest
43
deforestation
tropical rainforests using land for soul, cattle, and palm oil loss of biodiversity more co2 timber operations more regulated in US
44
soil erosion
tilling overgrazing compaction salination soultion: leve it alone
45
climate change
heating of the planet is causing weateher patterns and biomes to shift extended growing seasons changes in migration droughts = fires melting permafrost = release of carbon = positive feedback loop
46
lithosphere
crust
47
asthenosphere
upper liquid mantle
48
mesophere
mostly hard lower mantle
49
tectonic plate theory
proposed by alfred wegener in 1915 the hard lithosphere is broken up into 15 hard plates that float over the molten asthenosphere
50
evidence for tectonic plate theory
continets fit togehter like puzzle pieces ancient fossil and rocks can be found far away on other continents earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanoes, ridges occur at plate boundries
51
hotspots
occur in weak spots in earths lithosphere magma plumes creates island arcs and volcanoes i.e yellostone
52
convergent plate boundries
plates move toward each other
53
ocean to ocean convergent plate boundries
subduuctions of the oldest crust trenches and volcanoes mariana trench
54
oceanic and continental convergent plate boundries
oceanic subduction volcanoes and mtns pacific ring of fire
55
continental and continental convergent plate boundries
mnts and earth quakes himalayas
56
divergebt olate boundries
plates move away from eachother causes magma upwelling and formation of new crest oceaninc seaspreading = mtns and volcanoes contintel= rifts
57
transform boundry
strike-slip plates slide past each other tension builds up and earthquakes happen when tension releases at the slop
58
tsunamis
underwater faults slip displacement of ocean = waves waves are larger as they reach shallow water
59
volcanoes
rupture in lithosphre allows aethoosphere to reach surface
60
volcanic eruptions
ejecta (ash, rock) magma (igneous rock) gases (water vapor, co2, nd sulfur dioxide) block sunlight sulfur diozide can cause global cooling
61
soil
mix of rock particles, decaying organic matter, humus, air, water, and organisms foundation for biodiversity, food security, and carbon squestering
62
soil formation
decaying organic matter weathered parent bedrock distinct horizons form
63
parent material
rock is weathered through acids, water, wind, or lichen, mooses, snd tree roots is then transported by wind and water and deposited determines what chemical propertie and minerals the soul will have
64
properties affecting soil
parent material cimate topography organism time
65
igenous rock
cooled magma
66
sedimentary rock
weathered and eroded igneous
67
metamorphic rock
changed due to heat and pressure
68
how climate affeects soil
too cold= undecomposed organic materia humid= rapid weathering and leaching of nutrients
69
leaching
loss of minerals from teh top layer of soil by percolating percipitaito
70
how topograpy affects soul
steeper landscae = higher erosion, less deep soil and less saturation can occur
71
how organisms affect soil
organisms in soil: decay organic matter break down toxic materials clen water soil aeration nitrogen
72
how time affects soil
young = no horizons nor organic atter mature: more than 1 layer and many nutrients old: nutrient poor
73
soil horizons
o, a, e, b, c, r
74
o layer
decomposed keaves, twigs, feces most pronounced in forests
75
a layer
top soil partiall decomposed organic matter called humus most biological activity
76
e layer
in some acidic sools leached nutrients sometimes appear white
77
b layer
subsiol inorganic matter
78
c layer
partly weathered rock
79
r kayer
bed rock/parent material
80
porosity
anount of space in soil high = higher biodiverisy and healthier sols organisms in soil need oxygen plant roots need to access water
81
permeability
how fast water will infilitrate and percolate the soil
82
soil texture
percent of sand, silt, or clay in a samke loam: 40/40/20 (sand) loam is ideal for agriculture
83
cation exchange capacity
nuetrient holding capacitiy higher = better nutrient access for plants clay has high CEC
84
base saturation
most soils are slightly acidic nonsustaibalble agriculture increases acididty acidicty = lowers nutrients add limestone to increase pH
85
cattle ranching affect on soil
compaction: animals and machines squish soil, decreasing por and perm over grazing = plant death
86
green revolution
1960's= switch to heavy machinery, chemical fetilizer, gmos, irrigation and pesticides increase crop yield monocropping increased efficienty and profitability
87
compaction
decreases por and perm watterlogging smaller plants
88
tilling/ploughing
loosens soil dor plating, mizes ferlizies, aerates soils, and kills pests and weeds destroys horizons soil erodes desirtification kills good soil organisms more prone to compaction
89
desertification
process by which fertlile land becomes desert through drought, deforestation, or inapproriatio agriculture
90
fertilizers
eutrophication salination
91
causes for irrigation
compaction, climate change, and salination = more
92
salination
fertlizer and groundwater contians salts and minerals that accumulate over time dehydration = more irrigation = positive feedback loop need for gmos
93
deforestation affect on soil
less roots to anchor souk increases sedimentation pollution/turbidit in water = fish death less humus less nuetrients
94
solution to cattle ranching
eat less meat nomadic/regemerative grazing
95
solutions to industrailixed farming
no till farming intercropping/strip cropping crop rotation contour farmin terrace farming agroforestry
96
no till farming
no tilling b.w seaons to reduce topsoil erosion roots hold soil in place horizons mroe microbes reatained moisture decreased co2
97
intercropping/strip cropping
alternating strips of erosion rresistnt cripw s/ erosion prone crios encourages infuiltration increased yeields
98
crop rotation
rotation crops b.w plots over time to increase biodiversiry reduce fertilizer use
99
contour farming
plating parallel to topographic tontours of the land reduces wind and wter erosion reduce water runn off
100
terace farming
buidling steps to reduce water erosion less run off
101
agoforestry
alley cropping plating trees on either side of an alley of crops less wind erosion birds = pest control
102
solutions to deforestation affect on soil
restoration: add top soil and plant vegetation
103
refining
industrial process that removes impurities frm ore requires fossil fuel and water use
104
tailings
left over impurities crushed rock, water, metal, additives plased in tailing storage facilities
105
reserves
locations with high abundance of a mineral more distrubance of land with more mining
106
surface mining
removing large portions of rock and soil to access ore underneath overburdn placed to the side in spols
107
open pit minging
keeping digging into eath, creating a pit
108
contour strip mining
harvest ore in strips done w. horizontal ores ona slopped terrain
109
mountain top removal
remove mtn top for mining
110
surface mining control and reclamation act of 1977
regrade and contour the land replace or add topsoil replant with native pioneer species monitor for 5-10 yrs to ensure refurnishment
111
sub-surface mining
preferred less habiatats destroyed expensive and dangerous water is pumped out to prevent faming risks: collapeses, gases, explosions
112
impact of mining
habitat loss air pollution soil erosion and desertification water contamination human health risks
113
mining impact: habitat loss
removal of topsoil, vegetaiton and animals fragmentation
114
mining impact: air pollition
dust particles metal particulates methand and co2 emissions
115
mining impact: soil erosion and desertification
removal of topsoil and vegetaion = erosion hard to reestablish vehetation and soil health
116
mining impact: water contamination
increased turbidity = decrease in npp + clogged fish gills acid mine drainage
117
acid mine frainage
sulfide exposed to water or air creates rust and sulfuric acid acids make other metals mroe water soluable water becomes acidic and metal rich solution: limestone
118
mining impact: human health
cave-ins, poisonous gases black lung and lung cancer

APES (8 decks)

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