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AP Psych > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

(109 cards)

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1
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

stimulus which initially produces no specific response other than attention
Ex: ringing a bell for a dog to salivate

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2
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

stimulus that naturally triggers responses without prior learning

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3
Q

unconditioned response

A

automatic, involuntary, unlearned reaction to stimulates
Ex: dog salivates at the sight of food

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4
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

previously neutral stimulus that, with repeated association with stimulus, triggers a response

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5
Q

conditioned response

A

learned behavior as response to previously neutral stimulus

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6
Q

acquisition

A

first stages of learning when a conditioned response is established

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7
Q

extinction

A

the decreased or disappearance of conditioned response

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8
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

the reappearance of conditioned response after a rest period or period of lessened response

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9
Q

stimulus generalization

A

having a conditioned response by stimulation similar but not identical to the original stimulus

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10
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

ability to distinguish between similar stimulus and only respond to specific stimuli

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11
Q

higher-order conditioning

A

conditioned stimulus used as unconditioned stimulus
conditioned + conditioned
Ex: light + bell = dog salvation for food

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12
Q

counterconditioning

A

bunny = fear, cookie = happy
bunny + cookie = happy
bunny = now happy

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13
Q

positive reinforcement

A

stimulus added + strengthens behaviors

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14
Q

positive punishment

A

stimulus added + weakens behavior

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15
Q

negative reinforcement

A

stimulus removed + negative reinforcement

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16
Q

negative punishment

A

stimulus removed + weakens behavior

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17
Q

variable ratio

A

response is reinforced after unpredictable # of responses

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18
Q

fixed interval

A

reinforcement is given after a predictable interval

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19
Q

fixed ratio

A

reinforcement given after specific # of responses

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20
Q

variable interval

A

reinforcement is presented after an unpredictable interval

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21
Q

Longitudinal Study

A

studying same group over a long period of time

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22
Q

cross-sectional study

A

data collected from people at a single point in time
Ex: different ages

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23
Q

teratogens

A

harmful substances that can interfere with normal prenatal development
Ex: alcohol, tobacco, other medication

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24
Q

rooting reflex

A

when a baby check is touched, they turn their head towards the stimulus
- seeking food

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25
gross motor skills
movements that use large muscles in the body Ex: rock, roll, crawl, walk, run
26
fine motor skills
ability to make precise movements Ex: eating, writing, dressing, tying shoes
27
critical period
after it's over learning cannot occur Ex: grammar + differentiating sounds Ex: Genie Case
28
sensitive period
brain plasticity is flexible in critical period.+ duration outside the crucial period
29
imprinting
in some species, a strong preference for environmental stimuli that are presented after birth Ex: following/attached to the mother or caregiver
30
growth spurt
short period of time during adolescence with increase in height and weight
31
puberty
sexual maturation of an individual
32
menarche
first period in a girl
33
spermarche
first ejaculation in a boy
34
biological sex
determined at birth by chromosomes
35
gender
social construct
36
gender roles
socially sculpted behaviors assigned to sex
37
jean piaget
stages of cognitive development S - P - CO - FO
38
schema
a concept that organizes and interprets info
39
assimilation
interpreting new experiences in terms of our existing schema
40
accommodation
adjusting schema to incorporate new experiences
41
sensorimotor stage
infancy - toddler - learns through the senses (putting everything in their mouth) - OBJECT PERMANENCE - SEPARATION ANXIETY
42
object permanence
awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
43
pre operational stage
toddler - early childhood - MENTAL SYMBOLS - PRETEND PLAY - LACK OF CONSERVATION - LACK OF REVERSABILITY - ANIMISM - EGOCENTRISIM - THEORY OF MIND
44
mental symbols
associating actions and symbols with words
45
animism
belief that object are alive and have feelings
46
egocentricism
inability to see the world through the perspective of others
47
theory of mind
idea that people have different ideas than you
48
concrete operational stage
achievers conservation, reversibility - fully formed theory of mind
49
formal operational
abstract thinking + hypothetical reasoning
50
zones of proximal development
what the learner can do ALONE --> what the learner can do with the HELP OF OTHERS --> what the learner can't do yet
51
scaffolding
dealing with different types of learners
52
crystalized inteligence
accumulates over time
53
fluid intelligence
ability to solve new problems + think critically - declines with age
54
dementia
disruption in memory and other functions
55
phonemes
smallest unit of sound Ex: p, a, th, s
56
morphemes
smallest unit of sound with meaning Ex: -ing, pre-, -ed, -s
57
semantics
meaning behind words
58
syntax
set of rules for arranging words
59
stages of formal language development
cooing --> babbling --> one word stage ---> two word stage --> telegraphic speech
60
overgeneralization
applying a regular grammar rule in irregular situations Ex: "eated" rather than "ate"
61
ecological systems theory
micro, meso, exo, macro, chrono
62
microsystem
immediate friends and family
63
mesosystem
connections within immediate environment Ex: mom is friends with your teacher
64
exosystem
indirect environment
65
macrosystem
social and cultural values
66
chronosystem
events and changes over time
67
authoritative parenting
high expectations, high support
68
authoritarian parenting
high expectations, low support
69
permissive parenting
low expectations, high supports
70
unresponsive parenting
low expectations, low support
71
attachment
emotional bond - lasting psychological connectedness between human beings
72
temperament
emotional dispositions
73
easy temperament
happy, active, easily adapts to new situations
74
slow to warm temperament
mellow, less active, slowly adjusts to new situations
75
difficult
irregular habits and routines, hard to adjust and expressive negative mood
76
secure attachement
distressed when mother leaves, avoids stranger without mom, friendly with mom
77
avoidant attachment
not distressed with mother leaves, no fear or avoidance, little to no interest shown upon mothers arrival
78
anxious attachments
upset when mother leaves, upset with stranger
79
disorganized attachment
mix of distressed and not distressed with stranger and when mother leaves
80
separation anxiety
normal apprehension experiences by a young child when away from their mother
81
parallel play
until age 9 - children play individual games while sitting next to others
82
imaginary audience
belief that others are constantly focusing on your behaviors and appearance
83
personal fable
belief in one's uniqueness and invulnerability, leading to riskier behavior
84
social lock
cultural norms about when life events "should" take place Ex: marriage, moving out, retirement
85
emerging adulthood
developmental stage in late teens to twenties - norms are extremely depended on culture
86
trust vs mistrust (infant)
trust based on who feeds us, shelters us, ect.
87
autonomy and shame and doubt (toddler)
increasing independence - ex: potty training
88
initiative and guilt (pre-schooler)
self-directed activities and play - growth and sense of purpose
89
industry and inferiority (school age)
connections with peers
90
identity and role confusion (adolescent)
sense of who you are in society
91
intimacy and isolation (young adult)
ability to form lasting, trusting relationships - feeling connections
92
generativity and stagnation (middle age)
engaging in acts that promote wellbeing of younger generations
93
integrity and despair (elder)
ability to look back on life with sense of accomplishments
94
adverse childhoof experiences
potentially traumatic events before a child reaches 18 abuse, neglect, household dysfunctions
95
identify diffusion
neither explored options nor committed to an identity
96
identity foreclosure
commitment to an identity without exploring
97
identity moratorium
exploring but have not committed to identity
98
identity achievement
explored and then made commitment to identity
99
possible self
mental representation of what one could become
100
behaviorist perspective
theory that states behaviors are learned (nurture)
101
habituation
tendency to become familiar with a stimulus merely as a result of repeated exposure - response decreases after too much repeated exposure
102
classical conditioning
learned behavior that occurs as an automatic process to neutral stimulus
103
associative learning (classical conditioning)
learning that certain events occur together
104
social learning theory
learning by observing others
105
vicarious conditioning
engaging in behavior we observe in other individuals where they get rewarded - not engaging in behavior we see others get punished for
106
modeling
observing and imitating a specifically behavior
107
insight learning
sudden realization of a solution to a problem
108
latent learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate in Ex: knowing the song in an ad but not realizing it
109
cognitive map
mental representation of the layout of ones environment Ex: imagining the route to your friends house

AP Psych (6 decks)

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