UNIT 3

Question 1

What is blood classified as?

Answer 1

A type of connective tissue.

Question 2

What is the buffy coat of a centrifuged blood sample composed of?

Answer 2

Platelets and leukocytes.

Question 3

What is a function of blood considering the presence of leukocytes and antibodies?

Answer 3

Protection.

Question 4

What is a function of blood considering the presence of carbon dioxide and endocrine hormones?

Answer 4

Transportation.

Question 5

What can hemoglobin in erythrocytes chemically attach to?

Answer 5

Oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Question 6

How many subunits make up hemoglobin?

Answer 6

Four.

Question 7

What may cause agglutination in a patient with type B- blood after a transfusion?

Answer 7

The donor has erythrocytes with A antigen.

Question 8

What occurs when the donor is Type AB and the recipient is Type B?

Answer 8

Agglutination.

Question 9

What category of leukocyte are T-cells?

Answer 9

Lymphocytes.

Question 10

What are macrophages converted from?

Answer 10

Monocytes.

Question 11

Why is the name ‘thrombocyte’ inappropriate for platelets?

Answer 11

They are cell fragments.

Question 12

What do macrophages do?

Answer 12

Phagocytize bacteria, cell fragments, dead cells, and debris.

Question 13

What is the cardiovascular system’s circuit responsible for sending blood to the kidneys, stomach, and pelvic regions?

Answer 13

Systemic circuit.

Question 14

Which circuit of the cardiovascular system has deoxygenated blood in its arteries?

Answer 14

Pulmonary circuit.

Question 15

The left atrium and left ventricle are part of which circuit of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 15

Systemic circuit.

Question 16

Which pair is located more anteriorly in a heart in normal position?

Answer 16

Right atrium and right ventricle.

Question 17

Which part of the heart projects slightly anteroinferiorly toward the left side of the body?

Answer 17

Apex.

Question 18

What is the fluid within the pericardial cavity that lubricates the membranes of the serous pericardium?

Answer 18

Serous fluid.

Question 19

What is another name for the visceral layer of the serous pericardium?

Answer 19

Epicardium.

Question 20

What heart chamber primarily forms the base of the heart?

Answer 20

Left atrium.

Question 21

What structure of the heart permits the passage of blood in one direction?

Answer 21

Valves.

Question 22

What are the large, smooth, irregular muscular ridges of the internal wall surface of each ventricle called?

Answer 22

Trabeculae carneae.

Question 23

What do papillary muscles attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves by?

Answer 23

Chordae tendineae.

Question 24

How many half-moon shaped, pocketlike cusps are found in each semilunar valve?

Answer 24

Three.

Question 25

Which valve prevents the backflow of blood into the left ventricle when ventricles relax?

Answer 25

Aortic semilunar valve.

Question 26

The left ventricle has a wall that is typically how many times thicker than the right ventricular wall?

Answer 26

Three times.

Question 27

What artery supplies the right border of the heart?

Answer 27

Right marginal artery.

Question 28

The great cardiac vein runs alongside which artery?

Answer 28

Anterior interventricular artery.

Question 29

What is the myocardium?

Answer 29

Layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle tissue.

Question 30

What separates the atria from the ventricles externally?

Answer 30

The coronary sulcus.

Question 31

Where do lymphatic capillaries originate?

Answer 31

In tissue spaces.

Question 32

How does interstitial fluid enter lymphatic capillaries?

Answer 32

Like going through a door that opens one way only (inward).

Question 33

What drains the right side of the head, neck, thorax, and right upper limb?

Answer 33

Right lymphatic duct.

Question 34

What is the function of the thoracic duct?

Answer 34

It empties lymph into the subclavian veins.

Question 35

What are Helper T-lymphocytes also known as?

Answer 35

Type of lymphocyte with receptors that are not specific for a single antigen.

Question 36

What do afferent lymphatics do?

Answer 36

Carry lymph to the lymph node.

Question 37

What do efferent lymphatics do?

Answer 37

Leave the lymph node.

Question 38

What lymphatic organ contains red pulp and white pulp?

Answer 38

Spleen.

Question 39

In which quadrant of the abdomen should a physician palpate for splenic enlargement?

Answer 39

Left upper quadrant.

Question 40

Which is not part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

Answer 40

Alveoli.

Question 41

What is external respiration?

Answer 41

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and blood in the lungs.

Question 42

Which skull bone has no sinus cavity?

Answer 42

Mandible.

Question 43

What body structure encounters both inhaled air and ingested food and drink?

Answer 43

Pharynx.

Question 44

What structure connects the pharynx to the trachea?

Answer 44

Larynx.

Question 45

What supports the larynx?

Answer 45

Nine pieces of cartilage.

Question 46

Which cartilages of the larynx occur in pairs?

Answer 46

Corniculate, cuneiform, and arytenoid.

Question 47

What connects the larynx to the primary bronchi?

Answer 47

Trachea.

Question 48

How many secondary bronchi does the left lung have?

Answer 48

Two.

Question 49

How many secondary bronchi does the right lung have?

Answer 49

Three.

Question 50

What are terminal bronchioles?

Answer 50

Bronchiole structures not capable of gas exchange with the blood.

Question 51

What type of cell makes up the alveolar wall?

Answer 51

Alveolar type I cell.

Question 52

What type of cell secretes pulmonary surfactant?

Answer 52

Alveolar type II cell.

Question 53

What are phagocytic cells of the alveolus called?

Answer 53

Alveolar macrophages.

Question 54

Which muscles contract while forcefully blowing out candles?

Answer 54

Internal intercostals.

Question 55

What is the normal site of fertilization?

Answer 55

Uterine tube.

Question 56

What lines the internal thoracic wall?

Answer 56

The pleura lines the internal thoracic wall and the parietal; visceral on each side in the chest.

Question 57

What covers the lung tightly?

Answer 57

The pleura tightly covers the lung.

Question 58

What happens during pulmonary ventilation?

Answer 58

During pulmonary ventilation, relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals increases the pressure in the thoracic cavity and air flows out of the lungs.

Question 59

What is the order of uterine tube regions an ovulated oocyte passes through?

Answer 59

Fimbriae - Infundibulum - Ampulla - Isthmus - Uterine part.

Question 60

What is the functional layer of the endometrium?

Answer 60

The functional layer of the endometrium is the layer that is sloughed off during menstruation.

Question 61

What structures are included in the vulva?

Answer 61

The vulva includes the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule, urinary meatus, vaginal introitus, hymen, and openings of the vestibular glands.

Question 62

What is the order in which sperm passes from the testes to the penis?

Answer 62

Epididymis → Ductus deferens → Ampulla → Ejaculatory duct → Urethra.

Question 63

What is the male accessory gland that encircles the urethra?

Answer 63

The prostate gland.

Question 64

What is mastication?

Answer 64

Mastication is the process of chewing and mixing food with saliva.

Question 65

What is peristalsis?

Answer 65

Peristalsis is a wave of muscular contraction during digestion.

Question 66

Where does mechanical digestion of carbohydrates begin?

Answer 66

Mechanical digestion of carbohydrates begins in the oral cavity; it also begins there.

Question 67

What are the projections on the superior surface of the tongue that house taste buds?

Answer 67

Papillae.

Question 68

What teeth are lateral to the incisors and used for puncturing and tearing?

Answer 68

Canines.

Question 69

What are the pharyngeal regions that contact both air and ingested food?

Answer 69

Oropharynx & laryngopharynx.

Question 70

What term describes organs located posterior to the parietal peritoneum?

Answer 70

Retroperitoneal.

Question 71

What supports the large intestine?

Answer 71

Mesocolon.

Question 72

What is the order of layers encountered when cutting into the GI tract wall?

Answer 72

Adventitia/serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa.

Question 73

What would stenosis of the pyloric sphincter interfere with?

Answer 73

Stenosis of the pyloric sphincter would interfere with the passage of chyme into the duodenum.

Question 74

What stomach region surrounds the lower esophageal sphincter?

Answer 74

Cardia.

Question 75

What is the order of small intestine regions that food passes through during digestion?

Answer 75

Duodenum → Jejunum → Ileum.

Question 76

What is the order of structures in the large intestine from the cecum to the rectum?

Answer 76

Ascending colon → Right colic flexure → Transverse colon → Left colic flexure → Descending colon → Sigmoid colon

Question 77

What is the primary function of the large intestine?

Answer 77

Water and electrolyte absorption

Question 78

Where does the left colic flexure of the large intestine occur?

Answer 78

Between the transverse colon and descending colon

Question 79

What duct transports bile to and from the gallbladder?

Answer 79

Cystic duct

Question 80

What is the liver composed of?

Answer 80

Four lobes: right, left, caudate, and quadrate

Question 81

Which lobe of the liver is visible on the inferior surface adjacent to the gallbladder?

Answer 81

Quadrate lobe

Question 82

What forms the common bile duct?

Answer 82

The cystic duct and common hepatic duct unite

Question 83

Where does bile in the common bile duct empty?

Answer 83

Into the ampulla

Question 84

What organ is not part of the urinary tract?

Answer 84

Kidney

Question 85

Where are nephron loops located within the kidney?

Answer 85

In the renal medulla

Question 86

What carries urine to the ureter within the kidney?

Answer 86

Transport path

Question 87

What is the sequence of arteries a drop of blood flows through as it enters the kidney?

Answer 87

Renal a → Segmental a → Interlobar a → Arcuate a → Interlobular a

Question 88

What is the order of nephron regions during urine formation?

Answer 88

Capsular space of glomerulus → Proximal convoluted tubule → Nephron loop → Distal convoluted tubule → Collecting duct

Question 89

How many minor calyx does each renal papilla empty into?

Answer 89

Only one minor calyx

Question 90

What produces urine flow from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder?

Answer 90

Peristalsis of the ureters

Question 91

Where is transitional epithelium found in the urinary system?

Answer 91

In the ureters, urinary bladder, and prostatic urethra

Question 92

What is the muscularis layer of the urinary bladder commonly called?

Answer 92

Detrusor muscle

Question 93

What are the regions of the male urethra that urine passes through?

Answer 93

Prostatic part → Membranous part → Spongy part → Urethral orifice

Question 94

What ducts are associated with the gallbladder?

Answer 94

Left hepatic duct, Right hepatic duct, Cystic duct

Question 95

What does the coronary sinus drain into?

Answer 95

The right atrium

Question 96

What structures contribute to the formation of semen?

Answer 96

Structures 3, 6, and 7

Question 97

What joins the cystic duct from the gallbladder?

Answer 97

The common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct