Unit 3 Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
the Doolittle raid
A
US begins strike in April 1942, raid on Tokyo forces bold Japanese action
2
Q
the Battle of Midway
A
in June 1942 marks a turning point in Doolittle raids
3
Q
the “Europe first” strategy
A
hoped to forestall the Soviets making a seperate peace with Germany, US farces are not ready for full scale involvement
4
Q
Joseph Stalin
A
“man of steel” oversaw war machine that helped defeat Nazism and supreme leader of Soviet Union for 25 years
5
Q
the War Production Board
A
created to coordinate the $175 billion in contracts, business took longer to be convinced
6
Q
the Manhattan Project
A
FDR conviced the Germans were working on an atomic bomb, 1942 initiated under command of General Leslie Groves, make nuclear weapons
7
Q
the National War Labor Board
A
labor and gov working together, no strikes or lockouts; War Labor Disputes Act gave presidant authority to seize and oporate plants
8
Q
the Office of Price Administration
A
coordin ates effort, suger gas coffee all placed on a point system
9
Q
the Alien Registration Act
A
required all non-citizens in the US to register with the government, this was to help with national securities
10
Q
Japanese internment
A
forced relocation of Japanese people in the US during WW2, doen with Executive order 9066
11
Q
the War Refugee Board
A
executive agency in January 1944 to rescue and provide relief to victems of Nazi
12
Q
the Teheran Conference
A
December 1943, operation overlord planned for the summer
13
Q
Operation Overlord
A
soviets promise assistance with Japan 2-3 months after defeat of Germany
14
Q
D-Day
A
June 6th, 1944 - D-Day Landings, 200,000 troops land under IKE
15
Q
the Battle of the Bulge
A
the last major german offensive campaign on the western front during world war 2
16
Q
the Yalta Conference
A
Febuary ‘45; each arrived with different visions and goals: britan = protect colonies and limit soviets, soviets= reperations, expansion of sphere, US = expansion of inflence and control
17
Q
the Potsdam Conference
A
July 1945, Truman is less patient than FDR, wartime bonds, US no longer involve Soviets in pacific, poland is redrawn and Germany divided into zones of occupation
18
Q
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
A
Ultimatum given on July 26, surrender or be destroyed, August 6th and 9th tehy were destroyed
19
Q
the Cold War
A
fundamental opposition between soviets and america at the heart of cold war, both offering opposing models of rebuilding world
20
Q
the World Bank
A
quick recover for europe and japan and a world economy based on extensive and free trade, soviets dont join
21
Q
the International Monetary Fund
A
major financial agency of the United Nations
22
Q
the “long telegram”
A
July 1947 George Kennan in moscow sens this outlining his views and opinions of the soviets
23
Q
Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech
A
in Fulton Missuri March 5, 1946, served as a deleration of emerging division between western and soviet areas
24
Q
the Truman Doctrine
A
civil war in greece and turkey threatens stability, Truman requests 400 million, he uses his words to convince people to give the money
25
the containment doctrine
checking soviets action on expansion, becomes a fondation of US forign policy, fails to distinguish between vital and peripheral areas, amny didnt think soviets wanted world domination
26
the domino theory
if one country fell to communism, its neighbors would soon follow
27
the Marshall Plan
invoking containment, began to build economic and defensive networks to protect the US, June 1947, 13 billion for economic recorevy of Europe
28
the National Security Act of 1947
created the department of defense to oversee military, stalin hardens stance and downward spiral of suspicion and anxiety continues
29
the Berlin blockade
germany and berlin had been partitioned into occupied zones, going to be merged in preperation of a National Government
30
the North Atlantic Treaty organization
US signs a mutual defense treaty with many european countries, Truman is basking in succes until twin towers and soviets detonate a nuclear weapon, now the cold war is on
31
NSC-68
predicts shrinking worls of polorizing powers, more money needed for arms and propoganda
32
Jiang Jieshi
general and former presidant of the republic of China
33
Mao Zedong
Chaing Kai-shek, currupt and out of touch but only option to Mao, sought out diplomatic talks twice but was rebuffed
34
the People's Republic of China
allies with the soviet union but split, making china a third force in the cold war, US eventually engaged in a strategic rapproach after Sino-Soviet split
35
the Korean War
1946 war breaks out, after WW2 the nations are divided, Trumans failure caused eisenhowers election, presidential powers increased as congress continualy deferred to Truman
36
John Foster Dulles
architect of Southeast Asia Treaty, an anti-communist defense allience between US and several nations in or near Southeast Asia
37
massive retaliation
threatening a disproportionatly large response, pottentially including nuclear weapons to attack
38
brinkmanship
the west and the soviet union using tactics of fear and intimidation as strtagies to make the opposing side back down
39
Sputnik
series of soviet satalites, sputnik 1 was the first satalit to orbit earth
40
Fidel Castro
Leader of the Cuban Revolution; became Cuba’s communist prime minister in 1959 and held power until 2008.
41
U.S. recognition of Israel (1948)
establishing full diplomatic ties.– President Truman formally recognized the State of Israel minutes after its founding
42
Mohammed Mossadegh
nationalized oil; removed in a CIA- and MI6-backed coup. Democratically elected Iranian prime minister (1951–1953)
43
Gamal Abdel Nasser
promoted pan-Arabism – Egyptian president (1954–1970)
44
The Suez Crisis (1956)
France – Military intervention by Britain
45
The Eisenhower Doctrine (1957)
– U.S. policy offering military/economic aid to Middle Eastern countries threatened by communism.
46
Ngo Dinh Diem
overthrown and assassinated in a military coup.– Anti-communist president of South Vietnam (1955–1963)
47
Ho Chi Minh
– Vietnamese revolutionary leader; prime minister and president of North Vietnam from 1945 until his death in 1969.
48
National Liberation Front (the Vietcong)
– South Vietnamese communist guerrillas founded in 1960 to unify Vietnam under communist control.
49
GI Bill of Rights (1944)
mortgages– U.S. legislation providing returning WWII veterans with education
50
Taft–Hartley Act (1947)
allowing states to pass "right-to-work" laws– Federal law restricting labor unions
51
The Baby Boom
– Significant rise in birthrates in the U.S. (1946–1964) leading to dramatic social and economic changes.
52
Emergence of a national middle-class culture
consumerism– 1950s trend toward suburbanization
53
William Levitt
– Developer credited with creating modern suburbs (e.g."Levittown") during the postwar housing boom.
54
Dixiecrats (1948)
– Southern segregationist Democrats who broke from the party to oppose civil rights legislation.
55
The Fair Deal
– President Truman’s post–New Deal agenda (1949–1953) promoting health insurance civil rights
56
Sen. Joe McCarthy
– U.S. senator who led aggressive anti-communist investigations in the early 1950s ("McCarthyism").
57
Army–McCarthy Hearings (1954)
– Highly publicized Senate hearings exposing McCarthy’s tactics and leading to his censure.
58
House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC)
– Congressional committee conducting investigations into alleged communist infiltration especially in Hollywood.
59
The Alger Hiss case (1948–1950)
– Controversial prosecution of former State Department official Alger Hiss for allegedly spying for the Soviet Union.
60
Ethel and Julius Rosenberg (executed 1953)
– U.S. couple convicted and executed for passing nuclear secrets to the Soviet Union.
61
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
– Supreme Court decision ending legal segregation in public schools.
62
Rosa Parks
– Civil rights activist whose 1955 refusal to give up her bus seat sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
63
Martin Luther King Jr.
– Baptist minister and influential leader of the American civil rights movement.
64
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955–1956)
– Year-long boycott of the Montgomery buses led by MLK after Rosa Parks’ arrest.
65
Civil Rights Act of 1957
– Federal law protecting African American voting rights and creating the U.S. Civil Rights Commission.
66
Greensboro sit-ins (1960)
– Nonviolent student sit-ins at a Woolworth lunch counter that accelerated desegregation efforts.
67
1961 Berlin Crisis
– Soviet installation of the Berlin Wall halted mass escapes from East to West Berlin.
68
Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961)
– Failed U.S.-backed attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro’s government in Cuba.
69
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
– Thirteen-day standoff between the U.S. and the Soviet Union over nuclear missiles in Cuba; ended with Soviet withdrawal.
70
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
– Grassroots civil rights organization founded in 1960 to lead sit-ins
71
Freedom Rides (1961)
Interracial activists riding buses through the South to challenge segregation in interstate travel.
72
Freedom Summer (1964)
– Campaign to register Black voters in Mississippi and promote racial justice.
73
March on Washington (1963)
– Landmark rally where MLK delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech.
74
Apollo Program
– U.S. space effort to land humans on the Moon; culminated in Apollo 11's Moon landing in 1969.
75
Warren Commission Report (1964)
– Official investigation concluding Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in assassinating President Kennedy.
76
Great Society (1964–1965)
– President Johnson’s agenda addressing poverty urban issues
77
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Landmark legislation prohibiting racial discrimination in public facilities and employment.
78
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
– Created by the Civil Rights Act to enforce federal workplace discrimination laws.
79
War on Poverty (1964)
– Johnson’s series of social programs targeting economic inequality.
80
Tonkin Gulf Incident (1964)
– Reported attack on U.S. Navy ships in the Gulf of Tonkin later disputed.
81
Tonkin Gulf Resolution
– Congressional measure authorizing broader U.S. military action in Vietnam.
82
Operation Rolling Thunder (1965–1968)
– Sustained U.S. bombing campaign over North Vietnam.
83
Malcolm X
– Influential Black nationalist leader advocating self-defense and racial pride until his assassination in 1965.
84
Black Panthers (1966–1982)
– Militant African American political organization promoting self-defense social programs
85
Woodstock (1969)
– Iconic music festival symbolizing 1960s counterculture.
86
Tet Offensive (1968)
– Major series of North Vietnamese attacks during lunar New Year revealing vulnerabilities in U.S. war strategy.
87
Robert Kennedy
– U.S. senator and presidential candidate assassinated in 1968 after supporting civil rights and anti-poverty programs.
88
1964 Democratic National Convention
– Site of major internal debates over civil rights and party direction notably those between Northern liberals and Southern conservatives.
89
The Feminine Mystique (1963)
– Betty Friedan’s influential book credited with launching the modern feminist movement.
90
National Organization for Women (NOW 1966)
– Organization founded to campaign for women’s rights and gender equality.
91
Radical feminism
– More confrontational branch of the feminist movement focusing on systemic patriarchy and social transformation.
92
Roe v. Wade (1973)
– Supreme Court ruling affirming a woman’s right to abortion under the Constitution.
93
Title IX of the Higher Education Act (1972)
– Federal law prohibiting sex discrimination in education programs that receive federal funding.
94
Vietnamization (1969)
– Nixon’s strategy to transfer combat duties to South Vietnamese forces and withdraw U.S. troops.
95
Invasion of Cambodia (1970)
– Secret U.S. incursion aimed at disrupting North Vietnamese bases; sparked major protests.
96
Kent State (1970) & Jackson State (1970)
– National Guard shootings of student protesters opposing Vietnam war and Cambodian invasion.
97
My Lai Massacre (1968)
– Mass killing of Vietnamese civilians by U.S. troops; publicized in 1969 fueling anti-war sentiment.
98
Fall of Saigon (1975)
– North Vietnamese capture of Saigon marking the end of the Vietnam War.
99
Vietnam syndrome
– Public reluctance in the U.S. toward military entanglements following the Vietnam War.
100
War Powers Act (1973)
– Law limiting presidential authority to commit U.S. forces without Congressional approval.
101
Henry Kissinger
– National Security Advisor and Secretary of State (1969–1977) key architect of U.S. détente policy.
102
Détente
– Period of eased tension between the U.S. and the Soviet Union in the 1970s including arms control treaties.
103
Nixon’s China trip (1972)
– Landmark visit paved the way for diplomatic relations and global realignment.
104
Six‑Day War (1967)
– Brief war in which Israel defeated neighboring Arab states capturing significant territory.
105
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
– Founded in 1964 to represent Palestinian interests; later recognized globally.
106
1973 Middle East War (Yom Kippur War)
– Surprise attack on Israel by Egypt and Syria during the Jewish holy day.
107
OPEC oil embargo (1973–74)
– Oil-producing nations restricted shipments to the U.S. and others causing energy crises.
108
Panama Canal Treaties (1977)
– Agreements transferring control of the Panama Canal to Panama by the end of the century.
109
Camp David Accords (1978)
– Peace agreement between Egypt and Israel brokered by President Carter.
110
Iranian Hostage Crisis (1979–1981)
– 444-day hostage standoff following the overthrow of the Shah of Iran.
111
Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)
– Prolonged conflict destabilizing the Middle East involving chemical weapons and regional alliances.
112
1981 Air Traffic Controllers Strike (PATCO Strike)
– Striking federal controllers were fired by President Reagan signaling tough government stance on labor.
113
Reaganomics
– Reagan-era economic policy focused on tax cuts deregulation
114
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
– “Star Wars” missile defense program proposed by Reagan in 1983.
115
Reagan Doctrine
– U.S. policy supporting anti-communist insurgents around the world.
116
Iran–Contra scandal (1985–1987)
– Secret arms-for-hostages deal with Iran that funded Nicaraguan contras bypassing Congress.
117
Mikhail S. Gorbachev
– Soviet leader (1985–1991) who introduced reform policies.
118
Perestroika and glasnost
– Gorbachev’s restructuring (economic reform) and openness (political transparency) initiatives.
119
Disintegration of the Soviet Union (1991)
– Collapse of the USSR into independent republics ending the Cold War.
