Unit 3 Flashcards
(308 cards)
1
Q
bones of the cranial cavity
A
frontal parietal (2) temporal (2) occipital sphenoid ethmoid
2
Q
what is a cranial suture?
A
fibrous immovable joints between cranial bones
3
Q
sagittal suture
A
connects the two parietal bones
4
Q
coronal suture
A
connects the frontal bone to the two parietal bones
5
Q
lambdoid suture
A
connects the occipital bone to the two parietal bones
6
Q
squamous suture
A
connects the temporal bone and parietal bone
7
Q
what is a fontanelle?
A
soft cartilaginous gaps between the incompletely formed cranial bones of the fetus and infant. (soft spot)
8
Q
what are the fontanelles?
A
anterior
posterior
mastoid (2)
sphenoid (2)
9
Q
bones of the face
A
nasal (2) lacrimal (2) maxilla (2) palatine (2) zygomatic (2) inferior nasal concha (2) mandible vomer
10
Q
what are the boundaries of the orbit?
A
frontal bone (roof) maxillary bone (floor and part of medial wall) zygomatic bone (lateral wall) lacrimal & ethmoid bones (medial wall) sphenoid bone (posterior wall)
11
Q
what are the features of the orbit?
A
superior orbital fissure optic foramen supraorbital notch (foramen) inferior orbital fissure nasolacrimal canal
12
Q
what structures pass through the superior orbital fissure?
A
CN III, IV, V1, VI and opthalmic a.
13
Q
what structure pass through the optic foramen?
A
CN II
14
Q
what are the features of the nasal cavity?
A
nasal septum
inferior nasal concha
middle nasal concha
superior nasal concha
15
Q
what forms the nasal septum?
A
vomer bone and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
16
Q
which two nasal concha are apart of the ethmoid bone?
A
superior and middle
17
Q
what are the features of the mandible and maxilla?
A
alveolar processes
mandible
maxilla
frontal bone
18
Q
what are the features of the mandible?
A
condyloid process coronoid process ramus, body, and angle genoid tubercle mandibular fossa
19
Q
the condyloid process articulates with what? forming what?
A
temporal bone, forming temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
20
Q
what makes up the anterior cranial fossa?
A
frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones
21
Q
what sits in the anterior cranial fossa?
A
frontal lobes
22
Q
what makes up the middle cranial fossa?
A
sphenoid and temporal bones
23
Q
what sits in the middle cranial fossa?
A
temporal lobes
24
Q
what makes up the posterior cranial fossa?
A
temporal and occipital bones
25
what sits in the posterior cranial fossa?
cerebellum and brainstem
26
what is a paranasal sinus?
spaces within the bones of the skull
27
what are the 4 paranasal sinuses?
frontal
sphenoid
maxillary
ethmoid air cells
28
CN I
olfactory n.
29
CN II
optic n.
30
CN III
occulomotor n.
31
CN IV
trochlear n.
32
CN V
trigeminal n.
33
CN V1
opthalmic n.
34
CN V2
maxillary n.
35
CN V3
mandibular n.
36
CN VI
abducens n.
37
CN VII
facial n.
38
CN VIII
vestibulocochlear n.
39
CN IX
glossopharyngeal n.
40
CN X
vagus n.
41
CN XI
accessory n.
42
CN XII
hypoglossal n.
43
what passes through the cribiform plate?
CN I
44
what passes through the optic foramen?
CN II and ophthalmic a.
45
what passes through the superior orbital fissure?
CN III, IV, VI, and V1
46
what passes through the foramen rotundum?
CN V2
47
what passes through the foramen ovale?
CN V3
48
what passes through the foramen spinosum?
middle meningeal a.
49
what passes through the foramen lacerum?
nothing actually goes through!
| internal carotid a. enters the cranial valut here
50
what passes through the jugular foramen?
interjuglar v, CN IX, X, and XI
51
what passes through the internal acoustic meatus?
CN VII and VIII
52
what passes through the stylomastoid foramen?
CN VII
53
what passes through the hypoglossal canal?
CN XII
54
what passes through the foramen magnum?
vertebral arteries and spinal cord
55
what passes through the carotid canal?
internal carotid a.
56
what bone is cribiform plate a part of?
ethmoid bone
57
what bone is the optic foramen a part of?
sphenoid bone
58
what bone is the superior orbital fissure a part of?
between the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone
59
what bone is the foramen rotundum a part of?
maxillary bone
60
what bone is the foramen ovale a part of?
sphenoid bone
61
what bone is the foramen spinosum a part of?
sphenoid bone
62
what bone is the foramen lacerum a part of?
greater wing of the sphenoid bone
63
what bone is the jugular foramen a part of?
occipital bone
64
what bone is the internal acoustic meatus a part of?
temporal bone
65
what bone is the stylomastoid foramen a part of?
temporal bone
66
what bone is the hypoglossal canal a part of?
occipital bone
67
what bone is the foramen magnum a part of?
occipital bone
68
what bone is the carotid canal a part of?
sphenoid bone
69
what are the functions of the brain?
stimulates movement
maintains homeostasis
origin of conceptual thoughts
70
what end of the neural tube forms the brain?
cranial (head)
71
what end of the neural tube forms the spinal cord?
caudal (tail)
72
what does the forebrain develop into?
cerebral hemispheres
thalamus
hypothalmus
73
what are the openings of the forebrain?
lateral ventricles
| 3rd ventricles
74
what does the midbrain develop into?
midbrain
75
what is the opening of the midbrain?
cerebral aquaduct
76
what does the hindbrain develop into?
cerebellum
pons
medulla oblongata
77
what is the opening of the hindbrain?
4th ventricle
78
what forms the "brainstem"?
midbrain and hindbrain
79
what does the spinal cord develop into?
spinal cord
80
what is the opening of the spinal cord?
central canal
81
gyrus
elevated folds of the brain (hills)
82
sulcus
a shallow groove between folds (valleys)
83
fissure
a deep groove between folds
84
what are the 4 lobes of the brain?
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
85
what does the central sulcus separate?
frontal and parietal lobes
86
precentral gyrus
part of the frontal lobe
| main function=fine motor control
87
postcentral gyrus
part of the parietal lobe
| main function=primary sensory reception area
88
what does the lateral fissure separate?
temporal and frontal lobes
89
what does the parito-occipital sulcus separate?
parietal and occipital lobes
90
corps callosum
contains commissural fibers
| connects the two hemispheres of the brain
91
septum pellucidum
thin tissue separating the two lateral ventricles
92
function of the thalamus
major relay center for all sensation EXCEPT olfaction
93
function of the hypothalamus
major regulator of the body's internal environment (homeostasis) through the autonomic, limbic, and endocrine systems
94
optic chiasma
contains crossing fibers from each eye
95
pituitary glad
closely interconnected with the hypothalamus
| secretes hormones to maintain homeostasis
96
mammillary bodies
nucleus, important in memory formation and emotion
97
cerebral peduncle
collection of descending motor processes from cerebrum
| located in the midbrain
98
pons
mainly consists of sensory and motor processes
99
medulla oblongata
autonomic reflex center
| regulates heart rate and respiration rates
100
arbor vitae
"tree like" appearance of white matter within the cerebellum
(seen medially)
101
superior colliculus
midbrain collection of nuclei associated with VISUAL reflexes
102
inferior colliculus
midbrain collection of nuclei associated with AUDITORY reflexes
103
pineal gland
larger producer of melatonin
| involved in the sleep/wake cycle
104
paracentral lobule
U-shaped continuation where pre and postcentral gyro meet
105
infundibulum
stalk left from the pituitary gland
106
olive
collection of nuclei that communicate with the cerebellum
107
pyramids of the medulla
large bundles of descending motor fibers
108
what does the longitudinal fissure separate?
cerebral hemispheres
109
what does the transverse fissure separate?
cerebrum from the cerebellum
110
gracilis tubercle
nuclei important in the relay sensory information from the lower body
111
cuneate tubercle
nuclei important in the relay sensory information from the upper body
112
what is the choroid plexus?
a structure that continually produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). this is a specialized fluid from filtered blood, found in ALL ventricles
113
functions of the CSF
serves as a shock absorber
helps in the transport nutrients and removal of waste
helps maintain the proper ion balance in neural tissue
114
what are the ventricles of the brain?
lateral (2)
third
fourth
central canal
115
what connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle?
interventricular foramen
116
what connects the third and fourth ventricles?
cererbral aquaduct
117
what are the meninges?
three layers of membranes (tissue) covering the brain and spinal cord
1. pia mater
2. arachnoid mater
3. dura mater
118
pia mater
```
innermost layer (deepest)
dips into EACH sulcus and fissure
cannot be distinguished grossly
```
119
arachnoid mater
middle layer
| only dips into the transverse and longitudinal fissures
120
dura mater
```
outer layer
single layer around spinal cord
double layer around the brain
- periosteal (superifical)
- meningeal (deep)
```
121
periosteal layer of the dura mater adheres to..
the skull
122
meningeal layer of dura mater adheres to..
the arachnoid mater
123
subarachnoid space
space between the arachnoid and pia mater
| location of: CSF and blood vessels of the brain
124
subdural space
space between the dura and arachnoid mater
| POTENTIAL SPACE ONLY!!
125
extradural space
space between skull and dura mater
| POTENTIAL SPACE ONLY!!
126
what is a dural venous sinus?
areas where the two layers of the dura mater separate creating a space (sinus) in between
contain venous blood and CSF
127
falx cerebri
separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres
| attaches to the crista galli anteriorly and runs through the longitudinal fissure
128
tentorium cerebelli
separates the cerebrum and cerebellum
| attaches to the petrous ridge of the temporal bone
129
arachnoid granulations
extensions of the arachnoid membrane that pierce through the dura to open into major dural venous sinuses
returns "used" CSF from the subarachnoid space back into circulation
130
internal carotid aa.
- branch off the common carotid a.
- enters the skull through the carotid canal and "bounces off" foramen lacerum
- supplies a majority of the cerebrum
131
vertebral aa.
- branch off the subclavian a.
- travels through the transverse foramina in the cervical vertebrae and enters the skull through the foramen magnum
- supplies posterior cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum
132
major branches of the internal carotid aa.
anterior cerebral aa.
anterior communicating a.
middle cerebral a.
posterior communicating aa.
133
major branches of the vertebral aa.
```
posterior cerebral aa.
superior cerebral aa.
basilar aa.
labyrinthine aa.
anterior inferior cerebellar aa.
posterior inferior cerebellar aa.
anterior spinal a.
```
134
circle of willis
anastomosis that is very important in order to supply collateral circulation to the brain
135
blood vessels of the circle of willis
```
anterior cerebral aa.
anterior communicating a.
internal carotid a.
posterior communicating aa.
posterior cerebral a.
```
136
anterior cerebral a.
- found within the longitudinal fissure
| - supplies most of the medial aspect of the brain
137
middle cerebral a.
- found emerging through the lateral fissure
| - supplies most of the lateral aspects of the brain
138
posterior cerebral a.
supplies the medial and lateral aspects of the OCCIPITAL LOBE
139
contralateral
opposite side
140
ipsilateral
same side
141
what does the left side of the brain control?
most of the motor function of the RIGHT side and receives sensory info from the RIGHT side of the body
142
what does the right side of the brain control?
most of the motor function of the LEFT side and receives sensory info from the LEFT side of the body
143
commissural fibers
fibers allowing commutation between the two hemispheres
| ex: corpus callosum
144
association fibers
fibers allowing communication within a hemisphere
| ex: general cerebral white matter
145
projection fibers
fibers allowing communication from the cerebral cortex to the other parts of the CNS
ex: spinal tracts
146
what are brodmann numbers?
developed by german anatomist KORBINIAN BRODMANN as a way to organize the brain into functional areas based on the cytoarchitecture (structure and organization) of the neurons
147
location and function of brodmann's 3,1,2?
location: postcentral gyrus, posterior paracentral lobule
function: primary general sensory area
148
location and function of brodmann's 4?
location: precentral gyrus, anterior paracentral lobule
function: promary motor area "fine motor control"
149
location and function of brodmann's 17,18?
location: occipital lobe surrounding calcarine fissure
function: primary and secondary visual reception area
150
location and function of brodmann's 41,42?
location: temporal lobes
function: primary and secondary auditory reception areas
151
location and function of brodmann's 44,45?
location: frontal lobe, dominant hemisphere ONLY!
function: motor speech area "broca's area"
152
location and function of brodmann's 9,10,11?
location: frontal lobe, prefrontal cortex
function: personality and character traits
153
basal nuclei
collection of nerve cell bodies deep in cerebrum that inhibit muscle contraction and help maintain motor control.
*damage can lead to muscles rigidity and/or resting tremors (ex: Parkinson's Disease)
154
what is the purpose of the spinal cord?
communication between the brain and the peripheral nervous system
155
fascicule or tract
white matter organized into bundles of nerve cell processes
156
spinal cord in utero
same length as the vertebral column
157
spinal cord at birth
extends to the L3 vertebrae level
158
spinal cord as an adult
stops growing but the vertebral column continues to grow; so the spinal cord extends to the L1-L2 region
159
where do the meningeal layers of the spinal cord terminate?
inferiorly at S2 vertebra
| laterally just distal to the roots (before spinal n.)
160
what meningeal layer continues from the skull to surround the cord?
meningeal layer of dura mater
161
the spinal cord terminates at L1-L2 as the...
conus medullaris
162
the pia mater extends from L2-S2 as the...
filum terminale
163
what surround the film terminale?
dura mater and arachnoid
164
connective tissue continues from S2-coccyx as the...
coccygeal ligament
165
what is the caudal equina?
a bundle of nerve roots that extend through the subarachnoid space and approach their corresponding intervertebral foramen
166
conus medullaris
end of the spinal cord
167
what is a spinal cord tract?
the white matter of the spinal cord consisting of largely organized tracts
168
what are sensory tracts referred to?
afferent OR ascending
169
what do sensory tracts do?
bring sensory info from the periphery to the brain or brainstem
170
how many neurons are in the sensory paths?
3
171
primary neuron of the sensory tracts
cell body is ALWAYS in the dorsal root ganglia
172
secondary neuron of the sensory tracts
axon of from this neuron ALWAYS cross over to the contralateral side
location varies in the systems
173
tertiary neuron of the sensory tract
ALWAYS in the thalamus
174
dorsal column tract
1. named bc the axons supply the dorsal portion of the spinal cord
2. crosses over at the contralateral side of the medulla oblongata
3. carries GENERAL SENSORY info to the brain
- touch, vibration, pressure, weight, two point discrimination
175
neurons of the dorsal column tract
1° - neuron in the dorsal root ganglion
*synapses in the medulla oblongata at the gracile OR cuneate tubercle
2° - neuron in the gracile OR cuneate tubercle
*axons from these neurons cross over at the CONTRALATERAL side of the medulla oblongata
*synapses with the nuclei in the thalamus
3° - neuron in the thalamus
*axons carries info to the postcentral gyrus (brodmann's 3,1,2) on the IPSILATERAL side
176
fasciculus gracilis
medial section of the dorsal spinal cord where axons from the LL and lower truck reside
177
fasciculus cuneatus
lateral section of the dorsal spinal cord where axons from the UL and upper trunk reside
178
lateral spinothalamic tract
1. located in the lateral portion of the spinal cord white matter
2. crosses over within 1-2 spinal segments to the CONTRALATERAL side of the spinal cord
3. carries pain and temperature ONLY from the body to the postcentral gyrus
179
neurons of the lateral spinothalamic tract
1° - neuron in the dorsal root ganglion
*synapses in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord IMMEDIATELY upon entering the cord
2° - neuron in the dorsal horn of the gray matter adjacent to the corresponding dorsal root ganglion
*axons cross over within 1-2 spinal segments to the CONTRALATERAL side of the spinal cord
3° - neuron in the thalamus
*axons carry info to the postcentral gyrus (brodmann's 3,1,2) on the IPSILATERAL side
180
what are the motor tracts referred to?
efferent OR descending
181
what do the motor tracts do?
take motor info from the brain to the periphery
182
how many neurons are in the motor path?
2
183
primary neuron of the motor tract
cell body is ALWAYS in the cortex or a nucleus in the brain or brainstem
184
secondary neuron of the motor tract
cell body is ALWAYS in the spinal cord gray matter
185
lateral corticospinal tract
1. originates at the precentral gyrus (brodmann's 4)
2. crosses over at the CONTRALATERAL side of the pyramids of the medulla (between the brain stem and spinal cord)
3. carries motor function to muscles
186
1° neuron in the precentral gyrus
- referred to as upper motor neuron (UMN)
- axons travel within the pyramids of the medulla on the IPSILATERAL side then cross over to the CONTRALATERAL side just superior to the beginning of the spinal cord (pyramidal decussation)
187
2° neuron in the ventral horn of gray matter
- referred to as lower motor neuron (LMN)
- axons from this neuron run through the ventral roots, spinal nerves, and dorsal & ventral rami to the peripheral muscles
188
damage effecting UMN
damage to the cerebral cortex, brain stem, or the lateral spinal cord leading to spastic paralysis; in which the spinal reflexes are still intact but conscious control is lost
189
damage effecting LMN
damage to the ventral horn or the peripheral nerve leading to flaccid paralysis; in which all function is lost and muscular atrophy can occur
190
outer layer of the eye
5/6 consists of white sclera - this where muscles attach
| 1/6 consists of the transparent cornea
191
middle layer of the eye
choroid, the vascular layer, continues with the ciliary body and iris anteriorly
192
inner layer of the eye
retina or neural layer
193
aqueous humor
water filled space anterior to the lens
194
vitreous body
gelatinous filling maintaining the round shape , posterior to the lens
195
cornea
- clear continuation of the sclera anteriorly
| - refracts incoming light
196
pupil
- opening in the middle of the iris which light enters the eye
- changes in size allows more or less light to enter
197
iris
pigmented smooth muscle that controls the size of the pupil
198
lens
- light that enters the eye through cornea and pupil then passes through the lens
- focuses the light rays to hit the retina
199
ciliary body
attaches to the lens and changes shape of the lens in order to focus the light rays accurately on the retina
200
accommodation
the process of changing the shape of the lens in order to focus on near objects
201
lacrimal gland
- located in the superior lateral aspect of the orbit
| - produces tears, blinking helps move the fluid medially
202
nasolacrimal duct
- travels from the orbit to the nasal cavity
| - drains tears into the nasal cavity causing a stuffy nose when overflowing
203
muscles of the eye
```
levator palpebra superioris
superior rectus
superior oblique
lateral rectus
medial rectus
inferior rectus
inferior oblique
```
204
superior oblique inn.
CN IV
205
lateral rectus inn.
CN VI
206
remaining muscles of the eye inn.
CN III
207
taste sensory inn. for anterior 2/3 of tongue
CN VII
208
general sensory inn. for anterior 2/3 of tongue
CN V3
209
general and taste sensory for posterior 1/3 of tongue
CN IX
210
styloglossus m.
- comes from the styloid process
| - pulls tongue posteriorly
211
hypoglossus m.
- comes from the hyoid bone
| - pulls tongue down and posterior
212
genioglossus m.
- comes from the glenoid tubercle
| - pulls tongue out of the mouth
213
intrinsic mm.
make up the body of the tongue
214
all tongue muscles are inn. by?
CN XII
215
auricle
funnel shaped aspect of the ear, helps direct sound waves into the auditory canal
216
external acoustic meatus (auditory canal)
passage from the auricle to the tympanic membrane
217
tympanic membrane
"ear drum" membrane separating the external and middle ear
218
bony ossicles
transmit the sound waves from the external ear to the inner ear
- malleus (hammer)
- incus (anvil)
- stapes (stirrup)
219
pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube
- connects the middle ear to the pharynx
| - helps in equalizing pressure across the tympanic membrane
220
inner ear is a...
fluid-filled chamber for equilibrium and hearing
221
semicircular canals
controls equilibrium
222
cochlea
controls hearing
223
oval window
- in contact with the stapes
| - stapes transmits sounds waves into the cochlea through this membrane
224
round window
end of the cochlea, allows for excess pressure
225
what type of nerve is olfactory n. (CN I)?
SENSORY ONLY for sense of smell
226
what type of nerve is optic n. (CN II)?
SENSORY ONLY for sense of vision
227
damage to the optic n. leads to...
TOTAL blindness in the ipsilateral eye
228
damage to the optic chiasma will lead to...
"tunnel vision" - loss of the temporal visual fields in BOTH eyes
229
damage to the optic tract, thalamus, optic radiations, OR brodmann's 17/18 will lead to...
loss of the contralateral field of vision from both eyes
ex: damage to left optic tract leads to no vision in the left nasal and right temporal visual fields for the left and right eye respectively
230
what type of nerve is oculomotor n. (CN III)?
MOTOR ONLY for all extra ocular muscles except superior oblique and lateral rectus mm.
231
what type of nerve is trochelar n. (CN VI)?
MOTOR ONLY for the superior oblique m.
232
what type of nerve is trigeminal n. (CN V)?
mixed n. as a whole
233
ophthalmic n. (CN V1)
- enters through the superior orbital fissure
| - SENSORY to the upper face and eye region
234
maxillary n. (CN V2)
- enters through foramen rotundum
| - SENSORY to the face around the nose and all upper teeth
235
mandibular n. (CN V3)
- transmitted through foramen oval
| - MOTOR to muscles of mastication and SENSORY to the lower face, tongue, and all lower teeth
236
what type of nerve is abducent n. (CN VI)?
MOTOR ONLY to the lateral rectus m.
237
what type of nerve is facial n. (CN VII)?
mixed
- SENSORY to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue for the special sense, taste
- MOTOR to muscles of facial expression
238
what type of nerve is vestibulocochlear n. (CN VIII)?
SENSORY ONLY for the special senses of hearing (cochlea) and equilibrium (semicircular canals)
239
what type of nerve is glossopharyngeal n. (CN IX)?
mixed
- SENSORY to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue for both general and taste, also to the pharynx
- MOTOR to one muscle in the pharynx
240
what type of nerve is vagus n. (CN X)?
mixed
| - SENSORY & MOTOR to the viscera of the neck, thorax, and abdomen
241
what type of nerve accessory n. (CN XI)?
MOTOR ONLY to trapezius m. and sternocleidomastoid m.
242
what type of nerve hypoglossal n. (CN XII)?
MOTOR ONLY to motor muscles of the tongue
243
muscles of facial expression
- occipitalis
- frontalis
- platysma
- orbicularis oculi
- orbicularis oris
- buccinator
244
all of the muscles of facial expression are inn. by?
CN VII (facial n.)
245
muscles of mastication
- masseter
- temporalis
- medial pterygoid
- lateral pterygoid
246
all of the muscles of mastication are in inn. by?
CN V3 ( mandibular n.)
247
action of orbicularis oculi
closes the eye
248
action of orbicularis oris
puckers the lips
249
action of buccinator
pushes cheeks against teeth and helps keep food between teeth
250
origin of masseter
zygomatic arch
251
insertion of masseter
angle of the mandible, lateral side
252
action of masseter
closes mandible
253
origin of temporalis
temporal fossa
254
action of temporalis
closes and retracts mandible
255
insertion of temporalis
coronoid process
256
origin of medial pterygoid
medial side of the lateral pterygoid plate
257
insertion of medial pterygoid
angle of the mandible, medial side
258
action of medial pterygoid
closes mandible
259
origin of lateral pterygoid plate
lateral side of lateral pterygoid plate
260
insertion of lateral pterygoid
condylar process of the mandible
261
action of lateral pterygoid
OPENS mandible
262
origin of sternocleidomastoid
sternum and clavicle
263
insertion of sternocleidomastoid
mastoid process
264
action of sternocleidomastoid
turns head to the opposite side
265
inn. of trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
CN XI (accessory n.)
266
suprahyoid muscles
- mylohyoid
- anterior and posterior bellies of the DIGASTRIC m.
- stylohyoid
- geniohyoid
267
action of the suprahyoid muscles
elevate the hyoid bone
268
infrahyoid muscles
- sternohyoid
- omohyoid
- sternothyroid
- thyrohyoid
269
action of the infrahyoid muscles
depress the hyoid bone
270
inn. of hyoid muscles
mix of: CNV, VII, XII, and ventral rami C1-3
271
where does the internal carotid a. supply?
anterior, medial, and lateral brain
272
where does the external carotid a. supply?
external head and neck
273
where does the vertebral a. supply?
posterior cerebrum, branstem, and cerebellum
274
carotid body
chemoreceptor measuring the concentration of oxygen in the blood
275
carotid sinus
baroreceptor measuring blood pressure
276
external jugular v.
formed by a combination of the veins of the external face, head, and neck.
- located superficially to the sternocleidomastoid
277
internal jugular v.
returns venous blood from inside the skull
- located deep to sternocleidomastoid
278
vagus n. is located between what vessels?
common carotid a. and internal jugular v.
279
boundary of the carotid triangle
lateral - sternocleidomastoid
280
content of the carotid triangle
lateral - internal jugular v.
middle - vagus n.
medial - common carotid
281
cleft palate
- results when the two maxillary bones do not fuse together properly
- usually occurs between 10-12th weeks of embryological development
282
cataracts
lens becomes "cloudy" causing light to scatter around the retina
- leading cause of blindness
283
glaucoma
an ocular disorder caused by increased intraocular pressure, usually due to the inability of aqueous humor drainage
284
cerebrovascular accidents (CVA)
AKA strokes
| - caused by an interruption of blood flow to the brain; usually due to clot or injured artery
285
anterior cerebral artery supplies and corresponds to?
supplies: MEDIAL aspect of the cerebrum; paracentral lobule
corresponds to: brodmann's 4 and 3,1,2 ; also 9,10,11
286
stroke to the anterior cerebral a. will produce deficit to? resulting in?
lower limb on the CONTRALATERAL side of the body, resulting in lack of conscious motor control and loss of sensory function
287
middle cerebral a. supplies and corresponds to?
supplies: LATERAL aspect of the cerebrum; precentral and postcentral gyri
corresponds to: brodmann's 4 and 3,1,2 ; also 9,10,11 and 44,45 and 41,42
288
stroke to the middle cerebral a. will produce deficit to? resulting in?
upper limb and head/neck of the CONTRALATERAL side, resulting in lack of conscious motor control, and loss of sensory function. could also affect speech, hearing, and personality
289
posterior cerebral a. supplies and corresponds to?
supplies: POSTERIOR aspect; occipital lobe
corresponds to: brodmann's 17,18
290
stroke to the posterior cerebral a. will produce deficit to? resulting in?
same visual deficits as damage to the optic tracts, optic radiations, and thalamus - so damage to the CONTRALATERAL field of vision in each eye
291
subarachnoid space
- between arachnoid and pia mater
| - location of the CSF and flood vessels around the brain
292
subdural space
- between dura and arachnoid mater
| - potential space only
293
extradural space
- between skull and dura mater
| - potential space only
294
middle meningeal a.
- branch of?
- enters skull where?
- lies between?
- supplies?
- maxillary a.
- foramen spinosum
- skull and dura mater
- dura mater
295
what is an extradural hematoma?
rupture of the middle meningeal a. leads to accumulation of blood in the extradural space
296
what is a subdural hematoma?
rupture of the cerebral veins leading to accumulation in the subdural space
297
what is a subarachnoid hematoma?
rupture of the cerebral vessels leading to accumulation in the subarachnoid space
298
hydrocephalus
condition where CSF builds up in the ventricles due to blockage in the outflow from ventricles to subarachnoid space. can lead to damage unless shunt is used to drain excess fluid
299
what is a spinal tap?
CSF withdrawn from the subarachnoid space and examined for bacteria and viruses
- needle is inserted between L3-4 levels to avoid spinal cord damage
300
spastic paralysis
spinal reflexes arc is still intact which maintains tonus of muscle but conscious control is lost
301
damage to what causes spastic paralysis?
cerebral cortex, brain stem, or the lateral spinal cord that would effect the UMN
302
flaccid paralysis
no nerve impulse reaches the muscles, leading to atrophy. no spinal reflex or conscious control
303
damage to what causes flaccid paralysis?
ventral horn, or peripheral n. that would effect the LMN
304
RIGHT spinal cord damage at L2 - patient would present with?
- loss of general sensory to the IPSOLATERAL side of the lower limb
- loss of pain and temperature to the CONTRALATERAL side of the lower limb
- spastic paralysis on the IPSOLATERAL side of the lower limb
305
LEFT spinal cord damage at C5 - patient would present with?
- loss of general sensory to the IPSOLATERAL side of upper and lower limbs
- loss of pain and temperature to the CONTRALATERAL side of upper and lower limbs
- spastic paralysis on the IPSOLATERAL side of the upper and lower limbs
306
RIGHT side of the medulla oblongata damage - patient would present with?
- loss of general sensory on the CONTRALATERAL side of the body below medulla
- loss of pain and temperature on the CONTRALATERAL side of the body below medulla
- spastic paralysis of the CONTRALATERAL side of the body below medulla
307
what cranial nerves have parasympathetic fibers that supply head and neck only?
CN III, VII, IX
308
what cranial nerve has parasympathetic fibers that supply only the thorax?
CN X
