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Bio 101 > Unit 3 & 4 > Flashcards

Unit 3 & 4 Flashcards

(117 cards)

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1
Q

Cell Growth

A

volume increases faster than surface area…. if cell gets larger, it either stops growing or divides

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2
Q

Nucleus

A
  1. nuclear envelope: souble membrane pores what leaves and enter nucleus.
  2. chromatin: loosely coiled chromasomes (DNA, proteins)
  3. nucleolus: assembles subunits of rimosomens
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3
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

series of interconnected membrane bounded tubule

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4
Q

Rough ER

A

ribosomens attached to outer surface of tubial -site for proteins synthesis
can form a transport vesicle
glycoprotein formed inside rough ER

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5
Q

ER Lumen

A

cavity inside rough ER

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6
Q

Glycoprotein

A

used to construct cell membrane

indicates where transport vesicle goes

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7
Q

Smooth ER

A

no ribosomens attached

site for lipid synthesis

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8
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

parking and shipping center

produces and transports lysosomes

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9
Q

Lysosomes

A

1) animal cell
2) produced by Golgi Apparatus
3) inside membrane contains hydrolytic(digestive) enzymes
4) can digest larger molecules to small
5) can break down damaged organelles
6) functions best at pH 5

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10
Q

Mitochondria

A

site of cellular respiration conversion of food(energy) molecules to ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
contains small amount of DNA
can make protein
inherited through maternal side

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11
Q

Chloroplast

A

where photosynthesis takes place

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12
Q

Granum

A

site of light reaction in photosynthesis

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13
Q

Stroma

A

dense fluid and site of calvin cycle of photosynthesis

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14
Q

photosynthesis

A

conversion of light energy into chemical energy

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15
Q

peroxisome

A

produces H2O2

contains enzymes which remove hydrogen from some organic molecule (detoxify alc in liver)

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16
Q

Cell Cytoskeleton

A

1) microtubules
2) microfilaments
3) intermediate filaments

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17
Q

Microtubules

A

25 nm tubulin
-used to contract cilia and flagella, spindle fibers, centrioles and basal bodies
9 sets of 2 tubules and 2 more in center

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18
Q

Microfilaments

A

7nm actin
responsible for changes in cell shape, participate in muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming(plants), movement in amoeba, cell division(animal)

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19
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

8-12nm
proteins keratin family
maintenance cell shape

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20
Q

Basal body

A

anchors all of flagella inside the cell

9 sets of 3 tubules

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21
Q

Centrioles

A

found in animal cells
participate in cell division
9 sets of 3 tubules

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22
Q

Plant Cell Wall

A

non-living, outside plasma membrane composed of cellulose and other sugar molecules support and maintenance of cell shape

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23
Q

primary cell wall

A

thin and outermost

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24
Q

secondary cell wall

A

thick and adjacent to plasma membrane

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25
middle lamella
glue to keep cells together
26
pectin
polysaccharide glue
27
cell wall pits
transports water or solutes from one cell to the next
28
plasmodesmata
membranes extending through cell wall pits
29
Cell junctions
1) tight junction 2) desmosomes 3) gap junctions
30
tight junctions
prevent leakage between adjacent animal cells
31
desmosomes
(anchoring junctions) anchors one cell to the next
32
gap junctions
protein channels between cells rapid chemical communications
33
What's is fluid mosaic?
Membranes are fluid bc of lateral movement of phospholipids In animal cells membranes cholesterol keeps fluid at lower temps Membrane contains a variety of protein that perform different functions
34
Fluid mosaic functions?
``` Transport Enzymes Signal transduction Cell to cell recognition Intercellular joining Attatchement to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix ```
35
Passive transport
No ATP required | Water or solutes move across membrane with concentration gradient
36
Types of passive transport?
Diffusion | Osmosis
37
Diffusion
Oxygen and carbon dioxide move across membrane by diffusion
38
Osmosis
Diffusion of water across membrane
39
Hypotonic
Solution that has higher water concentration
40
Hypertonic
Solution has less water concentration; more solute
41
Hypotonic Solution animal
Cell takes too much water and bursts
42
Isotonic animal
Everything is balanced
43
Hypertonic animal
Dehydrates, loses water and shrivels aka crenation
44
Turgid cell(plant)
More water abosorbed (normal)
45
Flaccid cell
Same amount of water in and out
46
Plasmolyzed cell
Hypertonic environment water leaves cell and shrivels up
47
Facilitated diffusion
Employs transport proteins diffusion with gradient using transport proteins
48
Active transport
Requires ATP and transport proteins to move against gradient
49
Sodium potassium pump
3 sodiums out & 2 potassium in
50
Endocytosis
Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Receptor
51
Phagocytosis
Cell eating (formation of food vacuole)
52
Pinocytosis
Cell drinking
53
Receptor
Mediate endocytosis (selects particular solvent)
54
Exocytosis
Release of vesicle content to outside of cell
55
Prokaryotic cell reproduces by...?
Binary fission
56
Binary fission
Duplication of chromosomes The cell wall & membrane elongates Micro filaments contract and pull membrane inward
57
Eukaryotic cell reproduces by?
Mitosis and cytokinesis Asexual repo Growth and development Tissue renewal
58
Mitosis
Duplication of cell nucleus
59
Cytokinesis
Division of cytoplasm so that one cell becomes 2
60
Interphase
Cell contains clearly defined nucleus Cell performs all normal functions Duplicates chromosomes
61
G1
Cell grows and duplicate organelles
62
G0
Certain cells enter this stage and stop diving
63
S
Chromosomes duplicate to form sister chromatids
64
G2
Cell makes final prep for mitosis (mpf)
65
Mitosis stages
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
66
Prophase
``` Chromosomal tightly coiled Nuclear envelope braks down Centrioles move to opposite sides Spindle micro tubules appear Kinetochore protein forms to pull sister chromatids apart ```
67
Metaphase
Sister chromatids line up along metaphase plate
68
Anaphase
Sister chromatids move to opposite poles
69
Telophase
Reverse of prophase. Nucleoulus reforms Spindle micro tubules breakdown Cytokenisis usually occur
70
Cytokinesis in animal
Formation of cleavage furrow by contraction of micro filaments
71
Cytoskenesis in plant
Cell plate forms; it becomes new plasma membrane and wall
72
Factors controlling cell cycle
Density dependent inhibition Growth factors(PDGF and GH) MPF
73
Metabolism
Total of all chem reactions occurring in organism
74
Catabolic pathway
Series of digestive/energy releasing reaction | Exergonic reaction
75
Anabolic pathways
Series of energy requiring reactions | Endergonic reaction
76
Energy
Capacity or ability to perform work
77
Energy forms
``` Heat Light Mechanical Electrical Chemical ```
78
Entropy
Measure of disorder in a system
79
Free energy
Portion of system energy that can perform work
80
3 kinds if work by ATP
Mechanical Transport Chemical
81
Enzymes
``` Specific in action Effective in small amounts Names end in ase Contains 1 or more active system Lowers activation energy Temperature and ph specific ```
82
Active sites
Portion of enzyme surface which is conplementary to its substrate
83
Inhibitors
Natural way to stop reaction rate
84
Competitor
Bind to enzymes active site
85
Non competitive
Attaches to allosteric site, away from active site
86
Feedback inhibition
Active site if enzyme. No longer binds theonine, pathway is switched off
87
Electron transport chain
Series of molecules(cytochromes) which accept and transfer electrons
88
Oxygen serves as the final acceptor....
Of electrons and protons to make water
89
In the absence of oxygen....
Pyruvate serves as the final acceptor to make water
90
Cellular respiration
Requires oxygen and mitochondria in eukaryotic. Cells | DeltaG= -686 kcal
91
Fermentation
Occurs in cytosol No oxygen Partial breakdown of organic molecules Yields less energy and ATP
92
Alcohols fermentation
Glucose> 2 ethanol + CO2 + 2 ATP
93
Lactic acid fermentation
Glucose > 2 lactate 2 ATP
94
Oxidation
Loss of electron
95
Reduction
Gain of electron
96
Redox rxn
Oxidation and reduction reactions
97
Reducing agente
Oxidizes
98
Oxidizing agent
Reduces
99
Glycolysis
2 pyruvate 2 ATP 2 NADH
100
Bridge reaction
2 acetyl CoA molecules2 NADH + 2 H+ No ayp
101
Kreb cycle
(2 NADH + 2H+)*3 2 FADH2 2 ATP
102
Oxidation phosphorylation
Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis | 32-33 ATP oxygen accepts hydrogen makes water
103
Cytochromes
Iron containing molecules which accept and transfer electrons on the inner membrane of the mitochoncrion
104
Cofactors
No proteins helpers which assist the catalytic activity of enzymes
105
Coenzymes
Organic cofactors NAD+ FAD CoA
106
Electron transport chain
Trains of electrons across cytochromes release energy to move hydrogen ions the inner membrane of mitochondria from the matrix into intermembrane
107
Chemiosmosis
Series of chemical and transport process with lead to synthesis of ATP
108
Substrate level phosphorylation
ATP synthesis occurs when an enzyme transfers phosphate to a substrate to ADP
109
Cyclic light reaction
Electrons released from and return to chlorophyll using photo system one Forms ATP
110
Non cyclic light relations
``` Electrons from chrolophyll become attached to NADP using photo system 11 and photo system 1 Forms ATP Nadph H2o O2 ```
111
Calvin cycle
RuBP accepts co2 Rubisco combine RuBP and co2 Requires ATP and nadph
112
Light trapping pigments
Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Carotene Xanthophyll
113
Visible light
Portion of electron magnetic spectrum 380-750
114
Photosystem
Cluster of light absorbing molecules including chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids. Chlorophyll a is ultimate acceptor
115
Photons
Packets of lights that contain an amount of energy inversely proportional to wavelengths
116
Autotrophs
Green plants use light to price sugars and organic molecules
117
Heterotrophs- consumers
Animals dependent on plants or other animals as source of food

Bio 101 (3 decks)

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