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AP World History Mr. Pitts > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

How is the Kaaba related to Judaism?

A

The Kaaba is associated with Abraham, the patriarch described in the Hebrew bible.

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2
Q

From whom did Muhammad recieve his message?

A

Muslims believe that god spoke to him through the angel Gabriel, after which Muhammad called on everyone to submit to god.

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3
Q

What is the meaning if the term Islam?

A

Submission or surrender.

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4
Q

Define the term Hijra

A

Hijra: The migration of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina.

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5
Q

Define the term Jihad

A

Jihad: A struggle or fight against non-muslims. Most modern Muslims use the term in a spiritual or moral sense to indicate an individual’s striving to fufill all the teachings of Islam.

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6
Q

Define each of the 5 pillars of Islam.

A
  1. Shahadah: To bear witnes to Allah a
  2. Salah: To pray 5 times per day
  3. Zakat: To pay a fixed share of ones income to the state in support of the poor and needy
  4. Sawm: fastig during the month of Ramadan
  5. Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca
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7
Q

What does Sunni translate to and what are their beliefs?

A

Sunni translates to “people of custom and the community”. They believe that the leader of the Islamic community could be chosen by consensus and that the only legitimate claim to descent was through the male bloodline.

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8
Q

What does shiites translate to and what are their beliefs?

A

Shiites translates to “party if Ali”. The support Ali’s claim to succeed Muhammad but also believed that grandchildren of Ali and Fatima should lead the community.

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9
Q

What is the official language of the Quran?

A

Arabic.

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10
Q

How and why did Caliphs exert their power?

A

Caliphs exerted their power with their own government and polticial army because the Muslim religious community was also a state.

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11
Q

How did Muslim rulers treat conquered peoples?

A

The Muslim ruler levied the same tax rates and treated them equally provided they convert to Islam.

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12
Q

Summarize the Umayyyad dynasty and include period, rulers, important people, and important events and ideas.

A

Started when a member of the Umayyad clan united the Muslim community after Ali was assassinated. Members of the Umayyad family remained caliphs until 750 and this period is called the Umayyad dynasty. Their capital was Damascus in Syria. They also built the great Mosque.

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13
Q

How did Muslims translate the 2nd commandment?

A

They Byzantine workmen depicted no human figures or living animals. Instead their mosaics showed landscapes in an imagery of paradise.

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14
Q

How was Baghdad the cultural center of the Arab world?

A

Baghdad was the capital of the Abbasid dynasty, they were advanced in education, math, and geography and learned from Greek, Persian, and Roman discoveries creating an unsurpassed body of knowledge at he time. They made sophistocated instruments to determine which direction to pray, and made a paper making factory, along with other discoveries.

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15
Q

How were merchants viewed is islamic society?

A

Muhammad and two of has immediate successors were merchants, merchants enjoyed a privileged position in the empire, provided the sold defect-free products and and adhered to a high standard of conduct.

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16
Q

How did Islam spread to north Africa?

A

The shift of the capital to Baghdad brought a dramatic increase in trade, and eventually spread their influence into Africa and many other places.

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17
Q

Describe the rise and fall of the Abbasid dynasty.

A

The costs of governing to Abbasid empire often exceeded its revenues. The central government frequently ran short of money because regional governers did not forward taxes they collected to the caliph. Frequent civil wars between caliphate rivals destoryed irrigation workers that underpinned the agrarian economy, and because no one rebuilt them, tax revenues declined. Baghdad ended up being conquered.

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18
Q

What is rihla?

A

Rihla means “travels” in Arabic, it is a book that describes the trip to Mecca and the most important rituals performed there, which bound Muslims from distant places together.

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19
Q

Where is Muhammad’s tomb located?

A

Medina.

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20
Q

What was the most powerful empire in Europe after the fall of East Rome?

A

There were multiple centers that overtook rome and had power.

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21
Q

How did Romans view Germanic tribes?

A

Residents of the empire looked down on these people because they could not read and write and they worshipped different entities.

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22
Q

How did the Byzantines preserve greek culture?

A

Nearly everyone spoke the Greek language.

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23
Q

Who was the highest-ranking bishop in Rome?

A

The pope

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24
Q

Describe the Hagia Sophia, what was its purpose

A

The Hagia Sophia was an enormous church, it was the church of Wisdom. It was the first church built with a dome.

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25
Describe how the plague affected Europe.
The population shrank, cities shrank, the economy contracted and tax revenues went down. Craftsmen and traders gave up their occupations to become farmers. Governments therefore, ran out of money.
26
Why did the Byzantine empire decline?
The plague hit, the population and economy declined, urban life ended, and the city ran out of money to pay soldiers
27
What was he iconoclast controversy?
Iconoclasts were people who were against the worshipping of statues and pictures, and this was a deep controversy between people who were for and against it.
28
Who were the Franks?
They lived under the Frankish kingdom and had powerful armies that defeated the Byzantine armies. They had war bands and the leader of the war bands were important in their society, and he war band leaders were ruled by monarchs.
29
Who was Clovis and how was he sinilar to constantine?
The Merovingian army were linked by there loyalty to Clovis. Clovis was the leader of a war band and felt he was entitled to more than his share but got rejected. He was a king and ruled his men and commanded repspect using rewards and brute force to do so.
30
Whonwas Charlemagne? What group did he lead?
Charlemagne was King of he Franks and he was an important ruler who rapidly expanded their territory.
31
Who was Ibn Battuta? Why were his trips significant for his time?
Ibn Battuta was a legal scholar who traveled the Islamic world in the early to mid 1300's. His travels were significant because he spread Islam and his distance was very significant for his time.
32
Describe the kingdom of Ghana.
The kingdom of Ghana was the first empire in the region of western Sudan. The kingdom contains two cities: preachers and scholars lived in the Islamic one, and the king and his sorcerers lived in the other. Good traded in the cities were taxed and this gave the kingdom revenue to raise military campaigns.
33
How did sub-saharan Africans become farmers?
They learned how to work iron and steel and they used slash and burn farming.
34
Describe the kingdom of Mali.
The Mali kingdom occupied much of west Africa. The conducted trade across the Sahara and taxed goods. They also began urbanization in that part of Africa.
35
Who was Mansa Musa?
Mansa Musa was an extremely wealthy ruler of the Mali kingdom.
36
What did Ibn Battuta observe about Islamic society in Mali and how was it different than what he believed?
Islamic society was different from what he was used too, this was so because their society was matrilineal, descent was determined by mother, not father.
37
Why was salt important in Africa?
Salt was important because it is an inportant nutrient, makes long lasting structures, and preserves food.
38
What dynasty reunited China after the fall of the Tang?
Song dynasty
39
What major polticial change was made by the founder of the song?
The Song period imposed a period of greater civilian rule and not military rule.
40
What role did the introduction of paper money play in china?
Paper money increased money supply, further contributing to economic growth and the commercial revolution.
41
What was the goal of foot binding?
To make girl's feet smaller because it was seen as more attractive.
42
What was the importance of movable type in China?
It made the process of copying many texts significantly faster than before.
43
Describe the new types of religious practices that developed in China during this time. Bhuddism, Daoism, Confucianism, Neo-Confucianism.
Neo-Confucianism: Based off Confucian teachings but rather than focusing on inner humanity, students were urged to apprehend the principle in things. Most Chinese did not adhere to a specific religion, they made offering to Bhuddist and Daoist gods, and led lives with the teachings of confucianism.
44
What was Neo-Confucianism?
Neo-Confucianism was a religion most educated families were drawn to. It was based off the teachings of Confuciansm, but rather than focusing on inner humanity, it focused on the principle of things. Neo-Confucians believed that if students studied everything around them, they would find a pattern underlying everything, or achieve sagehood.
45
Describe the feudal system of Europe, What were the different social classes?
Feudalism was basically set up is a lord, who lived in a castle, was protected by high knights, and the people who lived around them were surfs, who went outside the city walls to work the land for the lord.
46
What lead Pope Urban II to call for the Crusades?
The Byzatine Empire requested help against the Seljuk Turks and the Pope did it in the name of Christianity.
47
Who was Saladin? What was his role in the Crusades?
Saladin was a Muslim ruler who overthrew the reigning Egyptian dynasty. He married the widow of the Seljuq dynasty, allying the two powers. Saladin eventually took over Jerusalem again.
48
What was the initial cause of the Hundred Year's War?
Edward III of England was next in line for the French throne, but French nobles made his cousin king instead. So Edward sent and army to France.
49
What was the result of the Hundred Year's War in terms of military?
The French had won more military victories than the English, so they signed a peace treaty ending the war.
50
What were the effects of Mongol rule during the 1300s?
It was possible to move across Eurasia easily, exchange of cultures, ideas, and technologies.
51
What was the name given to the period of Mongol rule in China?
Yuan and Ming dynasties.
52
What characteristics made the Mongols military conquerors?
Their horses and use of terror.
53
Who was Chinggis Khan?
Chinggus Khan is the person who brought the tribes in the Mongolian grasslands together. He led conquests for the Mongol Empire and created one of the biggest empires in history.
54
Describe the ottomans.
The Ottomans were a group of Turkic Muslim Nomads who gained control of the Anatolia region in Turkey and their conquesy into Contantinople brought an end to the Byzantine Empire.
55
What happened to Constantinople after the Ottomans took control?
Greek, Slavic, and Turkic people moved into the city bringing great posperity, and education.
56
How was Kublai Khan related to Chinggis?
Kublai was his grandson
57
Who is credited with turning Constantinople into a Muslim city?
Mehmed the Conqueror.
58
How were the Inca similar to the Aztec?
They worshipped dieties requiring human sacrifice
59
How did Ibn Battita view women in Islam?
Women were to take care of less prestigous tasks, like tilling the field or collecting food.
60
Who is Sundiata?
The founder of Mali.
61
What were slaves like in Mali?
The people of Mali did not enslave their own people, they captured them from the south. People also preferred female slaves out of fear the males would impregnate female members of the household.
62
How did Gold impact Mali?
Gold was a huge export from Mali and conditions when working in gold mines were poor.
63
What was the impact of Rice on china?
The switch from mollet to Rice caused a large portion of the population to move to Southern China and caused the population to grow immensely.
64
What was the impact of paper money on China?
It was much lighter and more efficent than bronze coins and caused a worldwide transition from coins to paper money.
65
How were iron and steel used in China?
Iron was mass produced for weapons and China was the producer of iron in the world, and they learned how to make steel which is one of the strongest metals known to man.
66
How did woodblock printing change in this era?
The movable type was made, making woodblock printing much easier and more efficient.
67
How did the use of gunpowder change in China?
It was ised mainly for fireworks, until they realized it could be used for weapons too so the chinese started using it for weapons.
68
How did the civil service exam change in the Song era?
The passing rate increased greatly and competition especially among wealthy families grew, and so did cheating.
69
What was cerealization?
A large broad transformation in agriculture making it better.
70
What were guilds?
Groups formed by tradesmen or merchants who dealt with similar goods to regulate prices and working hours.
70
What is feudalism?
A social system in which serfs work the land and subordinates military services for theirs lords in return for protection.
71
What is the Hundred Year's War?
A war that started as a war for the throne and turned into a century long conflict.
72
Who was Chinggis Khan and why was he important?
Chinggis Khan was the leader of the Mongols and lead the massive expansion of their empire. He united them and created their huge empire. He had a rough childhood and was ruthless towards his enemies.
73
What was the Postal relay system?
It was a very efficient system the Mongols used to relay information. It consisted of roads with stops with fresh horses every 30 miles or so.
74
Who were the Ottomans?
Nomads who conquered parts of the Anatolian peninsula. They were led by Osman and fought the Byzantine empire for many years until it fell and they took over it.
75
What was the Conquest of Constantinople by the Ottomans like?
The conquest lf Constantinople by the Ottomans was led by Mehmed II. They fired at the walls of Constantinople for days before bringing it down, he led guards to the Hagia Sophia and converted it to Islam, and renamed the city to Istanbul.
76
Why were Kublai Khan and the Yuan dynasty important?
Kublai Khan was a Mongol ruler who unified northern and southern China as well as taking over it. He also suspended civil service exams.
77
How did the Aztec Empire form in Mexico?
The Mexica settled together and formed the Aztec empire?
78
What was the urban center of the Aztec empire and how did it come to be?
Tenochtitlan. The Mexica originally migrated to the urban center of Teotihuacan. This urban center was already home to several city states, so they had to settle elsewhere.
79
Who was Huitzilopochtli and what did the name mean?
Huitzilopochtli meant "Hummingbird of the South" and he was the main god of the Mexica. Human sacrifice was used to honor their gods.
80
What was Mexica combat like and how did it relate to their religion?
The Mexica fought with clubs, spears, dart, and blades. The also used hand to hand combat and the most worthy way to sacrifice to the gods was to sacrifice an enemy warrior taken down in hand to hand combat.
81
What was the Inca empire and why was it important?
The Inca were an empire in South America who conquered their neighbors and incorporated them into their empire. They were tolerant of those they ruled.
82
What were allyu?
Kin groups within the Inca empire who worked the land.
83
What were the Inca's most important dieties?
The Creator, the Creator's child, the sun, and the thunder gods.
84
Who was the Sapa Inca?
An Inca who claimed to be a child of the sun god.
85
How was human sacrifice used in the Inca empire?
Inca dieties demanded human sacrifice so it used in the empire.
86
Who constructed the grand canal in China?
The Sui
87
What kind of government did the Tang have?
Beaurocratic government with civil service exam, created tribute system.
88
What did the Tang and Song dynasties refer to themselves as?
The Middle Kingdom because they though they were the center or middle of everything.
89
What is Shamanism?
A religion where a shaman interperets oracle bones and ancestor worship is involved.
90
How did the Mongols affect trade?
They allowed, reopened and protected trade routes, they reopened the silk road.
91
Who is Muhammad and where is he from?
Muhammad is the founder lf Islam and hes from Mecca.
92
Why did Baghdad become the new capital of the caliphate?
It was on the Tigris river in the heart of Mesopotamia, and in the crossroads of Europe, Africa and Asia.

AP World History Mr. Pitts (8 decks)

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