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Oliver's Biology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

What is happening to the human population?

A

It is growing rapidly.

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2
Q

Why is the human population growing rapidly?

A

Medicine and farming has improve so less people are dying from disease or hunger.

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3
Q

Why is the population growth bad?

A

It negatively effects the environment.

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4
Q

How does the human population effect the environment?

A

More space is used for farming.

More people are using luxuries such as cars so more crude oil is used up.

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5
Q

How is human waste damaging land?

A

Toxic chemicals such as herbicides and pestacides unbalance the biodiversity.
Nuclear waste and landfill are stored in the ground.

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6
Q

How is human waste damaging air?

A

Smoke and gases are relseased into the air.

Carbon dioxide ans sulphur dioxide.

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7
Q

How is human waste damaging water?

A

Sewage abs toxic chemicals pollute water affecting plants and animals within.
Fertilisers are also washed into water.

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8
Q

What four factors require humans to take up more land?

A

Building
Farming
Waste
Quarrying

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9
Q

Why is carbon dioxide in the atmosphere an issue?

A

It is causing more heat to be radiate back to Earth, causing global warming.

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10
Q

Explain global warming.

A

The gases in the atmosphere act as an insulating layer to keep in some of the Sun’s rays to kee the balance on temperature on Earth right. However, the increase of carbon dioxide and methane are causing too much heat to be re-radiated back to Earth, resulting in an increase in temperature and other tyes of climate change.

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11
Q

What is deforestation?

A

The cutting down if forests.

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12
Q

Wy does deforestation occur?

A

To provide farmland.
To provide timber for building.
To produce paper.

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13
Q

What are the four main problems of deforestation?

A

More methane in atmosphere.
More carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Less carbon dioxide take in.
Less biodiversity.

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14
Q

What causes there to be more methane in the atmosphere?

A

Rearing cattle and rice being grown in water-logged conditions, perfect for decomposes which Reese methane into the air.

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15
Q

What causes the to be more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

A

Carbon dioxide is released when wood is burned.

Microorganisms feeding in dead wood release carob dioxide.

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16
Q

What causes less carbon dioxide to be taken in?

A

Less trees means less carbon dioxide is taken in during photosynthesis.

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17
Q

Why is less biodiversity an issue?

A

If animals and plants become extinct, opportunity could be lost for new food, fibres for clothing or medicine.

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18
Q

What are the four factors that must be considered when designing a biogas generator?

A

Cost - Continuous more expensive than batch.
Convenience - Batch less convenient as they have to be continually loaded.
Efficency - There must be no leaks and kept at 35 degrees.
Position - Position away from houses as waste smells.

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19
Q

Positives of biogas.

A 
Carbon neutral
Less sulphur dioxide produced.
In less developed countries, women spend hours looking for wood as fuel so it saves time and effort.
Methane is burned I stead of released.
Digested dung is better fertiliser.
Waste disposal system.
Cheap and readily available.
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20
Q

Why does battery farming increase energy transferred from food?

A

Animals conserve heat being close together and move less so they grow faster with more effecient energy transfer from feed to animal. Makes production cheaper as less feed is required.

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21
Q

What fungus is used to make mycoprotien?

A

Fusarium.

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22
Q

Where is the fungus grown in mycoprotien production?

A

In fermenters.

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23
Q

What is peat?

A

Partly rotted plants.

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24
Q

What is a bog?

A

Areas of land that are acidic and waterlogged?

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25
When plants die in bogs, what happens?
They don't fully decay as there is not enough oxygen for the decomposers to decay the plant matter.
26
What happens to the carbon within the dead plant matter?
They stay stored in peat instead of being released into the atmosphere.
27
What are the reasons that peat is being destroyed?
It is being drained as farmland and sold as compost for gardeners.
28
Why is draining peat bogs bad?
The peat starts to decompose.
29
What are the consequences of global warming?
``` Rising sea levels Change in distribution of wild animals and plants Reduction of biodiversity Change in weather patterns. Change in migration patterns ```
30
What is causing the sea levels to rise?
As the sea gets warmer, it expands causing it to rise. | Ice melting runs into the sea causing sea levels to rise.
31
How is biodiversity affected by global warming?
Some species cannot cope with the increase in temperature and die out.
32
What are satellites used for?
Monitoring snow and ice cover. Temperature of oceans. Current speeds of oceans.
33
What are automatic weather stations for?
Constantly recording atmospheric pressures.
34
Where must measurements for climate change be taken from?
A wide area over a long time period.
35
How are biofuels made?
Fermentation of natural products.
36
What is fermentation?
The breaking down of substances using bacteria or yeast.
37
How is ethanol produced?
Break down glucose using yeast.
38
Where can glucose be obtained from during ethanol production?
Sugar cane juices or derived from maize starch using the action of carbohydrase.
39
How is ethanol separated from yeast after production?
Distillation.
40
What is ethanol used for in countries like Brazil?
Used as fuel for cars in a petrol/ethanol mix.
41
What is biogas made up of?
70% methane, 30% carbon dioxide.
42
How is biogas produced?
Plant and animal waste is anaerobically fermented by microorganisms in a digestor or generator.
43
What are the two types of biogas generator?
Batch and Continuos
44
Why can't biogas be stored as a liquid?
It needs to a too high pressure.
45
What are the bi-products of biogas production?
Fertiliser for crops.
46
What are continuous generators used for?
Large scale production.
47
What are batch generators used for?
Making small batches of biogas. It must be loaded with waste at the beginning and cleared away at the end.
48
What must biogas generators have?
An inlet for waste Outlet for biogas Outlet for digested material
49
How can the efficiency of food production be improved?
Reduce the number of stages in the food chain. Restrict energy lost by farm animals. Develop new food sources.
50
Why does reducing the number of stages of the food chain improve efficiency?
Energy cannot be lost by movement and heat conservation.
51
What is more efficient: growing crops or raising cattle?
Crops as they are at the beginning of the food chain.
52
How does intense farming prevent energy loss?
Restrict movement Pack animals closely together to conserve heat. Control temperature externally to save energy in maintaining constant body temperature.
53
What is the benefit of battery farming?
More meat is produced.
54
How is glucose syrup obtained from maize starch?
Using enzymes.
55
Why is a fermenter sterilised before use?
To prevent other microorganisms growing within.
56
What is the fermenter sterilised with?
Steam.
57
Why do food miles need to be reduced?
Fossil fuels are burned as petrol to transport food.
58
What is the issue with battery farming?
It's unethical as the conditions are seen as cruel. Crowded conditions can result in fast spread of disease. Keeping the temperature right uses up fossil fuels.
59
Why is it bad for animals to be given antibiotics?
Diseases which humans can obtain could become resistant to that strain of antibiotics within the animals.
60
How can fish stocks be maintained?
Fishing Quotas: Limit the number and size of fish thatcan be caught in certain areas to prevent overfishing. Net Size: Use nets appropriate for fish being caught so young and unwanted fish can escape.
61
What is osmosis?
The movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
62
What is a partially permeable membrane?
A membrane with very small holes in so only certain things can get through.
63
Will water travel from a concentrated solution to dilute solution or vice versa?
Dilute to concentrated so that the solution has more water added to it.
64
Is osmosis passive or active?
Passive as no energy is required.
65
What provides cells with substances that it needs?
Tissue fluid
66
How are the water levels controlled in the cells?
The concentration of water in and out of the cell will be different so if it was more dilute outside the cell, water would move into the cell.
67
What experiment can show osmosis?
Potato chip experiment.
68
What adaptations increase the rate of exchange in living organisms.
Thin walls Large surface area Ventilated Good blood supply
69
What gases exchange in and out of plants?
Carbon Dioxide in. | Oxygen and Water Vapour out.
70
What part of the leaf exchanges gases?
The stomata on the bottom of the leaf.
71
Where is water vapour lost in a leaf?
All over the surfaces.
72
What is the job of guard cells?
To alter the size of the stomata and close it if the plant is losing water faster than it was being absorbed by the roots.
73
How does the shape of the leaf increase the rate of exchange?
It is flat to increase the surface area of exchange.
74
What structures inside the leaf increase gas exchange?
Air spaces to increase surface exposed to gas exchange.
75
What is the thorax?
The upper part of the body.
76
Where is the diaphragm found in the body?
The abdomen.
77
What pathway does the air take into the body?
The air goes in through the trachea and splits down in two tubes called the bronchus. The bronchus then splits into smaller tubes called bronchioles which then end at small bags called alveoli.
78
What is ventilation?
The movement of air into and out of the lungs.
79
Describe breathing in.
The intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract. The diaphragm flattens. The volume of the thorax increase which decreases the pressure. Drawing air in.
80
Describe breathing out.
The intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax. The volume of the thorax decreases, increasing the pressure. The air is forced out.
81
What do ventilators do?
Assist people to breathe if they can't naturally.
82
What does the iron lung do?
A giant case form neck to abdomen which draws air out of it, dropping the pressure. This draws air into the lungs. When air was pumped back into the case, the air is forced out of the lungs.
83
What is the issue with the iron lung?
It can interfere with the blood flow in the body.
84
What do modern ventilators do?
They force air into the lungs which expands the ribcage. When the air has stopped being pumped, the ribcage relaxes and the air leaves.
85
What issue can arise from the modern ventilator?
Burst alveoli.
86
Where does exchange occur in the lungs?
Alveoli
87
What gases are exchanged in the lungs?
Oxygen in. | Carbon dioxide out.
88
What are the adaptations of the alveoli?
Large surface area. Mucus to allow gases to dissolve. Thin walls. Good blood supply to maintain concentration gradient.
89
Where are the villi found in the body?
Small intestines.
90
What are the adaptations of the villi?
``` Thin walls (single layer of cells) Good blood supply to maintain concentration gradient. ```
91
What is active transport?
Movement of particles from low concentration to high concentration using energy.
92
What adaptations have the root hair cells have?
Large surface area for increase absorption.
93
What substances enter the plant via the root hair cells?
Water and mineral ions.
94
What is the concentration of minerals like in the root hair cell compared to outside?
It is higher in the root hair cell.
95
Why is active transport used in the root hair cells?
The plant requires as much water and minerals as it can get so the roots need to work against the concentration.
96
Where does active transport take place in the body?
In the small intestine to absorb all of the nutrients from the food.
97
What type of circulatory system do humans have?
Double circulatory system.
98
What is a double circulatory system?
A system which has one circuit to oxygenate blood and anther to take the blood around the body.
99
What is the heart?
The organ that keeps blood flowing through our body.
100
What are the walls of the heart made up of?
Muscle tissue.
101
What keeps the blood flowing in the right direction in the heart?
Valves
102
What the four chambers of the heart called?
Right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle.
103
What is the process of blood flow in the left side of the heart?
The blood enters through the pulmonary vein into the left atrium. The blood then flows into the left ventricle. ***************************************************************
104
What can you do if someone looses a lot of blood?
Give them a salt solution called saline to replace the blood.
105
How much blood can someone loose and stay alive?
2/3.

Oliver's Biology (3 decks)

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