Unit 3

Question 1

What was the influence of basic science on later applied scientific innovations?

Answer 1

Although more economically profitable, applied science could not occur without initial basic scientific research

Question 2

During the 20th century, what was the emphasis in science?

Answer 2

Science as a profit-making business

Question 3

What basic science was Einstein responsible for?

Answer 3

Energy and mass

Question 4

What basic science was Rutherford responsible for?

Answer 4

Divisible atom

Question 5

What applied science came out of the findings of Einstein and Rutherford?

Answer 5

Nuclear weapons and power

Question 6

What basic science was Fleming responsible for?

Answer 6

Inhibition of bacterial growth

Question 7

What applied science came out of the findings of Fleming?

Answer 7

Antibiotics

Question 8

What basic science we’re Franklin and Wilkins responsible for?

Answer 8

X-ray diffraction images of DNA

Question 9

What basic science were Watson and crick responsible for?

Answer 9

Deduction of the double helix of DNA

Question 10

What applied science came out of the findings of Franklin, Wilkins, Watson and crick?

Answer 10

Sequencing of human genome (leading to medical diagnoses and therapeutic strategies)

Question 11

How did the idea of solo scientists change during the 20th century?

Answer 11

Change from solo scientists to collaborative teams with research budgets

Question 12

How does the large amount of money and specialized equipment needed for modern science potential he have a negative affect on science?

Answer 12

By changing it from being about the pursuit of knowledge to an assembly line of patentable products

Question 13

What was Albert Einstein’s great discovery?

Answer 13

Theory of Relativity: That physical properties such as time, space, and mass are not absolute, but, rather, are relative to a specific reference system

Question 14

How did Albert Einstein we define light?

Answer 14

As discrete particles called quanta, light causes the release of electrons when shone on certain materials

Question 15

What is special about special relativity? (1905)

Answer 15

It only applies to systems under uniform velocity: space, time, mass, and energy are linked.

Question 16

What is one of the consequences of E= MC squared?

Answer 16

Mass and energy can be converted into each other.

Question 17

What is the maximum speed for any object?

Answer 17

The speed of light in a vacuum (approximately 300,000 km/s)

Question 18

In what year did Einstein publish his general theory of relativity?

Answer 18

1915

Question 19

How was the general theory of relativity different from the special theory of relativity?

Answer 19

Is extended special relativity so it encompassed systems undergoing acceleration. It also demonstrated the connection between gravity and special relativity.

Question 20

What 3 things did the general theory of relativity predict?

Answer 20

1. Black holes
2. Variation in the orbits of planets
3. The ability of massive sources of gravity, such as the sun, to bend light.

Question 21

When was the third prediction in the general theory of relativity proven to be true?

Answer 21

In 1919 when a solar eclipse was observed

Question 22

What did the unified field theory try to connect?

Answer 22

The forces of electromagnetism and gravity

Question 23

Why were Einstein’s questions remarkable?

Answer 23

Because the things he questioned were mistakenly regarded as being too obvious to require clarification or analysis (Infeld)

Question 24

Genetics

Answer 24

Science of heredity

Question 25

Darwin was correct in assuming that variation allowed for gradual change over time. What was he mistaken about?

Answer 25

He was not successful in correctly identifying the genetic mechanism responsible for this variation or its transmission to subsequent generations

Question 26

Who was Gregor Mandel and what kind of experiments did he do?

Answer 26

He was an Austrian monk, the father of genetics, he did experiments with pea plants

Question 27

What understanding did Mendels research lead to?

Answer 27

It like to understanding "gene" as the unit of heredity

Question 28

What two genetic principles came out of Mendel's research?

Answer 28

1. The principle of segregation | 2. the principle of independent assortment

Question 29

What was Mendel's belief regarding why certain traits skipped a generation?

Answer 29

pairs of traits

Question 30

What did Mendel discover regarding inheritance?

Answer 30

Inheritance of one parental trait was independent of inheritance of the other

Question 31

Mendel was able to describe how traits are transmitted to subsequent generations. What was he not able to discover?

Answer 31

He was not aware of the nature of the genetic material that encoded these inherited traits (we now know it is DNA)

Question 32

How does DNA encode the amino acid sequence of proteins?

Answer 32

Through a three letter code

Question 33

What is the concern with manipulating DNA in the laboratory?

Answer 33

studying the building blocks of human life can lead to attempts to manipulate life at its fundamental level

Question 34

When was the concept of atoms first proposed?

Answer 34

During the fifth century BC

Question 35

Who developed the atomic theory of matter in 1808?

Answer 35

John Dalton. Atoms were thought to be solid and indivisible

Question 36

Who discovered electrons?

Answer 36

JJ Thompson

Question 37

Who discovered alpha and beta radiation?

Answer 37

Ernest Rutherford

Question 38

Who was the first to split the atom?

Answer 38

Ernest Rutherford

Question 39

What was discovered about the atom in 1932?

Answer 39

Neutrons - The full picture is a central positively charged nucleus is surrounded by clouds of negative electrons that possess both wave and particle like properties

Question 40

Why is our understanding of the atom not complete?

Answer 40

Because the scientific model of the atom is continually evolving

Question 41

The findings of what two great thinkers led to the realization that if the atom could be split tremendous amounts of energy would be released?

Answer 41

Rutherford and Einstein. Although, Rutherford did not support the idea of practical applications of nuclear energy

Question 42

Who produced the first nuclear chain reaction splitting one atom causing the splitting of others in 1942?

Answer 42

Enrico Fermi

Question 43

What were the two great advances in medicine?

Answer 43

1. Improved treatment of disease: antibiotic treatment for bacterial infections, vaccinations for debilitating childhood diseases such as polio 2. Safer surgery: successful organ transplants

Question 44

Medicine =

Answer 44

Basic + applied science

Question 45

What was the Babbage difference machine?

Answer 45

An early form of the computer. It was more of a curiosity and had functions more like a calculator

Question 46

How did IBM's mark one computer keep program instruction separate from information storage within the device?

Answer 46

Punch cards

Question 47

What was the first digital computer?

Answer 47

ENIAC

Question 48

How did basic research into semi conductors help with early computers?

Answer 48

It enabled the computers vacuum tubes to be replaced with smaller transistors and silicon chips

Question 49

Why was much of the early development of the computer overshadowed by secrecy of war?

Answer 49

Because they were used as code-breakers and for munitions calculations

Question 50

What were computers initially designed for?

Answer 50

To increase speed, accuracy, and efficiency of calculation and data storage

Question 51

What responsibility is carried by the potential of scientific innovations?

Answer 51

Responsibility for the effects of those innovations

Question 52

What is one potential reason why scientific inquiry could come to an end?

Answer 52

Society may eventually reach a point where it is no longer willing to supply funds for research

Question 53

Name three motivations of science

Answer 53

1. The pursuit of knowledge 2. Potential financial gain 3. To further political ends, such as war

Question 54

How do you cultural influences of contemporary society affect science?

Answer 54

1. Which scientific experiments are performed 2. How science is performed 3. What is done with the consequences of scientific innovation

Question 55

Whose Experment helped Rutherford prove that an atom had a small nucleus?

Answer 55

Ernest Marsden

Question 56

Why were peaceful uses of atomic energy not pursued earlier?

Answer 56

They were of little immediate use or importance to our world at war

Question 57

Why was the atomic bomb an instrument for peace according to Oppenheimer?

Answer 57

Because it showed that war was obsolete

Question 58

More specialization in medical care equals more…

Answer 58

Cost

Question 59

Greater spending on medical care, higher number of doctors, and greater cost of pharmaceuticals does not equal what?

Answer 59

Higher life expectancy

Question 60

How much of the worlds population is affected by TB?

Answer 60

Over 30%

Question 61

Why is information technology seen as for better and for worse?

Answer 61

Because it carries both enormous possibilities for the betterment of human life and also dangers which can, as yet, be only dimly perceived and impossible to place in perspective

Question 62

What was a major breakthrough in information technology?

Answer 62

The transistor which used semi conductor materials (silicon)

Question 63

What two results came out of the introduction of silicon chips?

Answer 63

1. Lower cost machines | 2. Smaller machines

Question 64

What two countries led the way in IT advancements?

Answer 64

The USA and Japan

Question 65

Why was it difficult to stop people linking to ARPANET?

Answer 65

Because TCP/IP software was public domain