slow fibers
rely on aerobic metabolism
the ability of smooth muscle to generate tension over a wide range of resting lengths is called
plasticity
the type of muscle fiber that is most resistant to fatigue is the (BLANK) fiber
slow
fast fibers
have low resistance to fatigue and quick twitches
muscles that move the eyeball have (BLANK) fibers
fast
which of the following statements is/are false regarding human muscles?
- most have both slow and fast fibers
- slow fibers are abundant in the muscles of the hand
- eye muscles are composed entirely of fast fibers
- slow fibers are abundant in the back muscles
- all of the answers are correct
slow fibers are abundant in the muscles of the hand
large-diameter, densely packed myofibrils, large glycogen reserves, and few mitochondria are characteristics of
fast fibers
which of the following types of muscle fibers are best adapted for prolonged contraction such as standing all day?
slow fibers
the ability of smooth muscle to function over a wide range of lengths is called
plasticity
which of the following is not characteristic of smooth muscle?
- the striations are due to the orderly arrangement of actin and myosin
- neurons that innervate smooth muscles are under involuntary control
- smooth muscles do not contain sarcomeres
- the thin filaments of smooth muscle fibers are attached to dense bodies
the striations are due to the orderly arrangement of actin and myosin
which of the following is not a function of smooth muscle tissue
- altering the diameter of the respiratory passageways
- elevating hairs on the arm
- forcing blood from the heart into the major arteries
- moving food materials along the digestive tract
- forcing urine out of the urinary tract
forcing blood from the heart into the major arteries
which of the following is true about the difference between cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells?
- cardiac muscle cells does not have striations
- cardiac muscle cells does not have t tubules
- cardiac muscle cells does not have sarcomeres
- cardiac muscle cells have intercalated discs where skeletal muscle cells do not
- cardiac muscle cells have more nuclei in them than skeletal muscle cells
cardiac muscle cells have intercalated discs where skeletal muscle cells do not
which skeletal muscle fiber type- slow or fast- contains more mitochondria?
slow
true or false: intermediate fibers can be changed into fast through exercise
false- fast more like intermediate
true or false: all smooth muscle cells have direct contact with at least one motor neuron
false
Ca++ source for skeletal muscle
release from SR
Ca++ source for cardiac muscle
extracellular fluid and release from SR
Ca++ source for smooth muscle
extracellular fluid and release from SR
filament organization for skeletal muscle
sarcomeres
filament organization for cardiac muscle
sarcomeres
filament organization for smooth muscle
scattered
energy source for skeletal muscle
aerobic or anaerobic
energy source for cardiac muscle
aerobic
energy source for smooth muscle
aerobic
megan wants to enter a weight lifting competition and consults you as to what type of muscle fibers she needs to develop and how she should go about it. What would you suggest to her?
she needs fast fibers. to develop these she should do short, intense workouts that involve heavy weights that stretch her fatigue levels
small, membrane bound cell fragments that contain enzymes and other substances important for clotting
platelets
platelets
release a variety of chemicals that promote aggregation, a vascular spasm, clotting, and vessel repair
an individual who is type B+ has which of the following antibodies in their plasma?
anti A
a hematocrit provides info on
sedimentation rate
white blood cells that release histamine at the site of an injury are
basophils
Which of the following is not true of monocytes?
- release histamine
- enter tissues and wander
- become macrophages
- can phagocytize bacteria
release histamine
the production of erythropoietin is stimulated when
blood flow to the kidney declines
the waste product bilirubin is produced from
heme molecules lacking iron
a substance that activates plasminogen might be useful to
cause clots to dissolve more quickly
the percent fraction of formed elements relative to whole blood is the
hematocrit
the most abundant component of plasma is
proteins
the chief difference between plasma and interstitial fluid involves the concentration of
proteins
which of the following is not one of the formed elements of blood?
basophils
which organ secretes most of the plasma proteins?
liver
the most abundant proteins in blood plasma are
albumins
all of the following are functions of blood except
- regulating pH
- transporting gases and hormones
- generating action potentials
- defending against pathogens
- regulating ion concentration
generating action potentials
you have spent 24 hours traveling from the US to New Zealand, on quite a few airplanes with many stops. because of the stress, changes in time zones, and short blocks of time between planes, you find yourself tired with a headache when you arrive. You are severely dehydrated. a hematocrit value of you r blood would be (BLANK) than normal because (BLANK)
higher; you have less blood plasma volume
all the circulating red blood cells in an adult originate in the
red bone marrow
red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone
erythropoietin
the level of erythropoietin in the blood would rise due to all of the following except
periods of fasting
each heme ring in hemoglobin encloses an atom of
iron
pernicious anemia caused by a lack of intrinsic factor is specifically treated by
injections of vitamin B12
which of the following would you expect to see in increased numbers in a peripheral blood sample after donating a unit of blood?
reticulocytes
a bruise appears as a greenish spot in the skin because
the heme group in the hemoglobin has broken down into biliverdin
most of the iron that is removed from degraded hemoglobin is
recycled to the red bone marrow
in adults, erythropoiesis exclusively takes place in
red bone marrow
the developmental stage at which erythrocytes enter the circulation is as
reticulocytes
erythropoiesis is stimulated when
blood flow to the kidney declines
each hemoglobin molecule contains
four iron atoms
erythropoietin is a hormone
released by the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production
type AB blood has which of the following characteristics?
RBCs have both the A and B surface antigens and no ABO plasma antibodies
type A blood has (BLANK) antibodies in the blood plasma
anti B
You have type B positive blood. What are all the types of packed RBCs you can receive?
B positive, B negative, O positive, O negative
in an emergency situation when you have no time to wait for cross matched blood you could give a patient type (BLANK) the cross match is available
O negative
All of the following are true of neutrophils except that they are
important in coagulation
white blood cells that release histamine at the site of an injury are
basophils
white blood cells that are increased in allergic individuals are the
eosinophils
which of the following is not true of monocytes?
- about same size as basophils
- are long lived
- enter tissues and wander
- can phagocytize bacteria
- become macrophages
about same size as basophils
Which feature of WBCs makes them particularly important in tissue injury?
they can squeeze out through blood vessel walls into tissues
The function of platelets is to assist in the
process of hemostasis
(BLANK) involves a cascade of reactions leading to the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
coagulation
most of the protein factors that are required for clotting are synthesized by
liver
the extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by the
release tissue factor (Factor III) by damaged endothelium
the common pathway of coagulation begins with the
activation of factor X and production of prothrombin activator
the process of fibrinolysis
dissolves clots
the enzyme that can digest fibrin and dissolve a clot is
plasmin
tissue factor (factor III) is a factor in the (BLANK) pathway
extrinsic
a substance that activates plasminogen might be useful to
cause clot dissolution to proceed faster
people who suffer from hemophilia A fail to produce a functional factor VIII; as a result
they lack a functional intrinsic pathway
the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin is catalyzed by the enzyme
thrombin
the phase of hemostasis that involved clotting of blood is called
coagulation
a fibrin network that contains trapped blood cells and platelets is called a
blood clot
the first step of hemostasis is
vascular spasm
true or false: the shape of a red blood cell means that it has a low surface area to volume ratio
false
true or false: activated mast cells release histamine, which increases blood vessel permeability
true
most of the iron that is removed from degraded hemoglobin is excreted by the kidneys
false
titanic muscle contractions don’t occur in normal cardiac muscle because
the refractory period lasts until the muscle relaxes
cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells differ in a few ways. which of the following is not one of them?
- cardiac muscle cells are smaller in size
- cardiac muscle cells have a single, centered nucleus
- cardiac muscle cells branch
- skeletal muscle cells lack intercalated discs
- cardiac muscle cells lack transverse tubules
cardiac muscle cells lack transverse tubules
in cardiac muscle, the fast depolarization phase of the action potential is the result of
increased membrane permeability to sodium ions
the long plateau phase of the cardia muscle action potential is due to
calcium channels remaining open
the normal pacemaker of the heart is located in
the sinoatrial node
if the pacemaker cells in the SA node become more permeable to potassium ions, the
heart rate will decrease and cells will hyper polarize
if the connection between the SA node and the AV node becomes blocked,
the ventricles will beat more slowly
the P wave of the electrocardiogram is a signal from
depolarization of the atria
depolarization of the ventricles is represented on an electrocardiogram by the
QRS complex
the T wave on an ECG tracing represents
ventricular repolarization
which of the following statements is true regarding cardiac muscle?
there are specialized gap junctions in cardiac muscle not found in skeletal or smooth muscles
the property of heart muscle to contract in the absence of neural or hormonal stimulation is called
automaticity
considering the left ventricle, why does isovolumetric contraction occur during ventricular systole?
aortic pressure is higher than ventricular pressure and the ventricle must pressurize the blood to open the aortic valve
the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle is called
systole
the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle is called
diastole
the (BLANK) is the amount of blood in a ventricle after it has contracted and before it begins to refill
end systolic volume
an increase in the rate of action potentials from baroreceptors will trigger a reflex to
both decrease heart rate and decrease pressure
the volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called the
stroke volume
each of the following factors will increase cardiac output except increased
- venous return
- parasympathetic stimulation
- heart rate
- force of contraction
- sympathetic stimulation
parasympathetic stimulation
which of the following would not increase heart rate?
- increased sympathetic stimulation of SA node
- decreased parasympathetic stimulation of nodal fibers
- increased levels of epinephrine
- faster depolarization of the pacemaker potential
- beta blocking drugs
increased sympathetic stimulation of SA node
stroke volume depends on all of the following except
- end diastolic volume
- contractility of ventricle
- pressure required to pump blood into aorta
- venous return of blood to heart
- respiratory rate
respiratory rate
cardiac output can be increased by all of the following except
- decreasing ejection fraction
- increasing ejection fraction
- decreasing end systolic volume
- increasing heart rate
- increasing stroke volume
decreasing ejection fraction
if the force of ventricular contraction increases, what will happen to the end systolic volume?
decrease
the (BLANK) is the difference between the resting and maximal cardiac output
cardiac reserve
amount of blood returning to the heart is
venous return
each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue, except
- decreased peripheral resistance
- increased vessel diameter
- increased hematocrit
- increased blood pressure
- relaxation of precapillary sphincters
increased hematocrit
blood moves forward through veins because of all of the following except
- the pressure in the veins is lower than in the arteries
- pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein
- the respiratory pump
- valves in the veins preventing the backward flow of blood
- muscular compression
pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein
which part of the vascular system functions as a blood reservoir and contains 60% of the body’s blood?
veins
the main control of peripheral resistance occurs in the
arterioles
the increase in effective blood volume that results from venoconstriction is the
venous reserve
resistance is a force that
decreases blood flow
total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following except the
- length of the blood vessel
- blood viscocity
- osmolarity of interstitial fluids
- blood vessel diameter
- turbulence
osmolarity of interstitial fluids
as blood travels from arteries to veins
pressure drops
blood flow to a tissue will increase if the
arterioles dilate
blood pressure increases with all of the following except increased
- cardiac output
- parasympathetic innervation
- peripheral resistance
- force of cardiac contraction
- blood volume
parasympathetic innervation
which of the following factors will increase the net filtration pressure to move fluid out of capillaries?
-both decreased plasma albumin and increased blood hydrostatic pressure
each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance except
- vasodilation
- increased sympathetic stimulation
- elevated hematocrit
- elevated levels of epinephrine
- irregularities in the vessel walls caused by plaques
vasodilation
the blood colloid osmotic pressure mostly depends on the
concentration of plasma proteins
which of the following statements is false concerning the movement of fluid between capillaries and interstitial space?
- blood hydrostatic pressure forces fluid from capillary to the interstitial space
- blood osmotic pressure moves fluid from interstitial space to the capillary
- the osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is less than the blood osmotic pressure
- the hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid is largely unimportant in determining fluid movement
- the net filtration pressure is usually zero
the net filtration pressure is usually zero
each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue except
- increased hematocrit
- decreased peripheral resistance
- increased vessel diameter
- relaxation of precapillary sphincters
- increased blood pressure
increased hematocrit
in comparison to a vessel with a large diameter, a vessel with a small diameter has
a greater resistance to blood flow
the force that moves fluid out of capillaries is (BLANK) pressure whereas the opposing force that moves fluid into capillaries is (BLANK) pressure
hydrostatic; colloid osmotic
some of the fluid that is forced out of the capillaries is returned to the blood by the
lymphatic system
blood colloid osmotic pressure is produced by
large non diffusible proteins in the blood plasma
blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) decreases in starving children because
starvation prevents the liver from producing enough protein to maintain BCOP
which of the following opposes the flow of blood back to the heart?
- vascular resistance
- peripheral veins have valves to prevent back flow of blood
- muscular pumps squeeze veins and move blood toward the heart
- blood pressure
- blood pressure gradient from arteries to veins
vascular resistance
Edema may occur when
the plasma concentration of protein is reduced, capillary hydrostatic pressure is elevated, and the capillary endothelium permeability goes up
each of the following will lead to a decrease in blood pressure except
- release of renin
- decreased peripheral resistance
- decreased levels of aldosterone
- decrease in blood volume
- increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)
release of renin
each of the following will cause an increase in blood pressure except
- increased levels of aldosterone
- increased blood volume
- increased levels of ADH
- increased levels of angiotensin II
increased levels of ANP
elevated levels of the natriuretic peptide hormones ANP and BNP will produce increased
salt and water loss through kidneys
increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood will result in decreased
parasympathetic stimulation of the heart
Vickie has a tumor that secretes excess amount of the hormone aldosterone. Because of the elevated level of hormone, she exhibits
both an increase in blood pressure and an increase in stored sodium ions
the regulation of blood flow by local mechanisms within a capillary bed is called
auto regulation
in response to hemorrhage, there is
mobilization of the venous reserve
hemostatic mechanisms in response to blood loss include all the following except
- uptake of interstitial fluid due to reduced capillary pressure
- inhibition of EPO secretion
- activation of ADH secretion
- activation of aldosterone secretion
- increased thirst and water intake
inhibition of EPO secretion
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of smooth muscle?
Striations are due to the orderly arrangement of actin and myosin
Neurons that innervate smooth muscles are under involuntary control
Smooth muscles do not contain sarcomeres
The thin filaments of smooth muscle fibers are attached to dense bodies
Striations are due to the orderly arrangement of actin and myosin
Which skeletal muscle fiber type contains more mitochondria?
slow
True or false, Intermediate fibers can be changed into fast fibers through exercise
False, fast can become more like intermediate
True or false, All smooth muscle cells have direct contact with at least one motor neuron
false
An individual who is Type B+ has which of the following antibodies in their plasma?
Anti A
Which of the following is not true of monocytes?
Release histamine
The production of erythropoietin is stimulated when
Blood flow to the kidney declines
Erythropoietin is a hormone
Released by the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production
Type A blood has (BLANK) antibodies in the blood plasma
Anti B
You have type B positive blood. What are all the types of packed RBCs you can receive?
B positive, negative, O positive, negative
TRUE OR FALSE
The shape of red blood cell means that it has low surface area to volume ratio
false
true or false
Activated mast cells release histamine, which increases
true
True or false
Most of the iron that is removed from degraded hemoglobin is excreted by the kidneys
False
Which of the following combinations may result in the hemolytic disease of the newborn
Mother RH negative, baby RH positive
• Which of the following is true regarding red blood cells?
◦ They are anucleate.
persons blood type is determined by the
◦ Presence of specific glycoproteins on the cell membrane
Which of the following statements about red blood cell formation is true?
most of the hemoglobin is synthesized during the reticulocyte
Which of the following does not occur during the platelet phase?
Blood clot is formed
Which white blood cell is most effect against parasitic infections?
Eosinophils
Eosinophils function in
Destroying antibody labeled antigens
Anti-Rh antibodies are present in the blood of
Rh negative individuals who have been exposed to the Rh surface antigen
Collectively, the conducting cells that carry the impulse from the SA node to the AV node is known as the
Internodal pathway
The AV node delay is beneficial because
It allows time for the atria to contract
During ventricular systole, the
AV valves are closed
With each ventricular systole,
Blood pressure increases
The (BLANK) is the volume of blood in a ventricle at the beginning of systole
End diastole volume
During the beginning of ventricular systole when the muscle is contracting but not enough pressure has built up to open semilunar valves the heart is said to be in
Isovolumetric contraction
Which factor directly influences preload?
Venous return
Which ion’s entry causes rapid depolarization?
Sodium
Which ion’s entry causes the plateau?
Calcium
Which ion’s exit causes repolarization?
potassium
During hemorrhaging, the drop in capillary hydrostatic pressure will (BLANK) NFP, thus (BLANK) reabsorption
Decrease; increasing
Which is not an effect of angiotensin II to increase blood pressure?
Increasing production of aldosterone
Increasing secretion of ADH
Vasoconstriction increasing total peripheral resistance
Increasing thirst
Increasing atrial natriuretic peptide
Increasing atrial natriuretic peptide
To defend blood volume against dehydration, the body
Releases antidiruretic hormone (ADH)
Which of these is not a short term response to a decrease in blood pressure?
Release of EPO
What hormones are released as a short term response to a decrease in blood pressure and blood volume?
Aldosterone
hormone short response
epinephrine and norepinephrine
what hormones are released as a short term response to a decrease in blood pressure and blood volume?
epinephrine and norepinephrine