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physiology > Unit 3: adrenal glands > Flashcards

Unit 3: adrenal glands Flashcards

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1
Q

small, triangular glands located on top of each kidney. produce hormones for metabolism, immune function, bp reg, and stress response

A

adrenal glands

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2
Q

secretes aldosterone, adrenal androgens, norep, epi, cortisol

A

adrenal glands

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3
Q

Consist of an outer adrenal cortex and an
inner adrenal medulla that function as
separate glands

A

adrenal glands

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4
Q

neural tissue and
secretes epinephrine and norep in response to sympathetic neural stimulation

A

adrenal medulla

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5
Q

glandular epithelium
and secretes steroid hormones in response to
ACTH

A

adrenal cortex

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6
Q

3 layers of adrenal cortex

A

zona glomerulosa, zona
fasciculata, and zona reticularis

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7
Q

produce cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens

A

cortex

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8
Q

secretes norep and epi

A

adrenal medulla

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9
Q

glucocorticoids. reg metabolism, immune response, and stress

A

cortisol

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10
Q

mineralocorticoids. reg BP and electrolyte balance

A

aldosterone

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11
Q

precursor hormone converted to sex hormones

A

androgens

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12
Q

produced by cortex. helps reg BP by controlling sodiu and potassium levels.

A

aldosterone

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13
Q

secretion stim by renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS) and elevated potassium levels and ACTH

A

aldosterone

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14
Q

responsible for secretion of substances like enzymes, horms, musuc, and sweat. forms functions of endo and exo glands

A

glandular epithelium

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15
Q

what makes ACTH

A

anterior pit

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16
Q

Hypothalamus (CRH) tells ant pit to make …

A

ACTH

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17
Q

outer layer. produces mineralocorticoids. regulates electrolytes and fluid balance by Na retention and K excretion (helps control BP)

A

zona glomerulosa

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18
Q

stim by RAAS and increase K levels

A

zona glomerulosa

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19
Q

middle layer. produce glucocorticoids. involved in metabolism regulation, stress response, and reduce inflammation. stim by ACTH from pit gland

A

zona fasciculata

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20
Q

inner layer. produce androgen. contributes to secondary sexual characteristics and has minor effects on metabolism. stim by ACTH

A

zona reticularis

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21
Q

what are the specific hormones produced in the zonas

A

G- salt
F- sugar
R- sex

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22
Q

the adrenal cortex Secretes hormones made from cholesterol;
called

A

corticosteroids

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23
Q

3 categories of corticosteroids

A

-mineralocorticoids
-glucocorticoids
-adrenal androgens

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24
Q

from the zona glomerulosa
regulate Na + and K + balance.
1) Example: aldosterone

A

mineralocorticoids

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25
from the zona fasciculata regulate glucose metabolism. 1) Example: cortisol
glucocorticoids
26
from the zona reticularis are weak sex hormones that supplement those made in the gonads.
adrenal androgens
27
increase blood glucose and BP
cortisol
28
why is an increase in BP and blood glucose beneficial
more blood in the right places
29
store glucose in liver
glycogen
30
glycogen broken down into glucose, used for energy -increase glucose in blood
glycogenolysis
31
what prevent t-cell production. you dont want t-cells during stress and inflammation. we want balance
cortisol
32
a. Stimulates protein degradation b. Stimulates gluconeogenesis and inhibits glucose utilization to raise blood glucose levels c. Stimulates lipolysis
function of cortisol (hydrocortisone)
33
used medically to suppress immune response and inhibit inflammation; can have many negative side effects
exogenous glucocorticoids
34
protein broken down into smaller peptides or amino acids
protein degration
35
glucose prod in liver -build new sugars -lipid metabolise
gluconeogenesis
36
side effects of exogenous glucocorticoids
-immune suppression -osteoperosis -metabolic changes
37
Activated with sympathetic response
epi and norep
38
Have effects similar to sympathetic innervation but lasting 10 times longer
epi and norep
39
effects of epi and norep in adrenal medulla during fight/flight
Increase cardiac output, respiratory rate, and mental alertness; dilate coronary blood vessels; elevate metabolic rates
40
Stress increases secretion
acth
41
secretion of --- results in increased glucocorticoid release
acth
42
what are the stress hormones released in adrenal gland
glucocorticoids, epinephrine, and CRH
43
what are the key players in GAS (general adaptation syndrome)
glucocorticoids, epinephrine, and CRH
44
Good for proper recovery after stress, such as an illness or trauma
general adaptation syndrome
45
Cortisol helps inhibit the immune system so it does not overrespond
general adaptation syndrome
46
Chronic stress leads to
increase risk of illness
47
--- may act on higher brain regions, contributing to depression and anxiety and memory
cortisol
48
By stimulating the liver to release glucose...
insulin receptors may become resistant, making it harder to treat people with diabetes.
49
3 stages physiological response to stress that describes how the body reacts to stressors over time
GAS
50
stages of gas
alarm, resistance, exhaustion
51
activates the adrenal glands -initial reaction -release cortisol and epi -fight/flight
alarm reaction
52
readjustments in response -cortisol levels remain elevated and body shifts to sustained coping mechanisms. -body energy reserved to cope w/ stress -get sick: day 2 is bad. day 4 is better
resistance
53
may lead to sickness or death -get sick for long time= organ failure
exhaustion
54
1) Stimulates growth of adrenal glands 2) Atrophy of lymphatic tissue of spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus 3) Formation of bleeding peptic ulcers
gas effects
55
results from chronically high levels of glucocorticoids
cushings syndrome
56
causes lipolysis and a redistribution of fat that can produce a “buffalo hump” (a fatty deposit between the shoulders and the below the back of the neck), a “moon” (round) face, and other symptoms.
cushings syndrome
57
most commonly occurs when a person takes sustained high doses of glucocorticoid medicines
cushings syndrome
58
glucocorticoid meds
prednisone, prednisolone, and dexamethasone - asthma, copd, rheumatoid arthritis
59
cushings syndrome can also be produced by
a pituitary tumor that secretes excessive ACTH * a benign tumor of the adrenal that secretes excessive cortisol without requiring ACTH stimulation
60
caused by inadequate secretion of corticosteroids
addisons disease (adrenal insufficiency)
61
Inadequate cortisol produces
hypoglycemia (low blood glucose)
62
inadequate aldosterone produces
sodium and potassium imbalances, dehydration, and dangerously low blood pressure
63
Primary adrenal insufficiency results from
autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex.
64
butterfly shaped endo gland located anterior of trachea and just below larynx (voice box)
thyroid gland
65
Has two lobes on either side of the trachea, connected by the isthmus
thyroid gland
66
func in metabolic reg, growth, thermoregulation, produce T3 and T4 and calcitonin
thyroid gland
67
cell type of thyroid gland
-follicular -parafollicular
68
produce 2 main types of thyroid horm
follicular cells
69
produce calcitonion
parafollicular
70
horm involved in calcium reg. -decrease calcium levels by promoting calcium storage in bones.
calcitonin
71
what is needed to produce thyroid horm
iodine
72
enzymes within the colloid generate
t4= thyroxine t3= triiodothyronine
73
main horm produces. -less active form, more abundant -converts t3 in peripheral tissue
t4- thyroxine
74
active form. more potent, less abundant -body temp
t3
75
follicle cells secrete
T 4 (tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine) T 3 (triiodothyronine)
76
a. Stimulates protein synthesis b. Promotes maturation of the nervous system c. Increases rates of cellular respiration d. Elevates basal metabolic rate
action of thyroid horm
77
what creates heat in thyroid horm
increase cell resp and elevated basal metabolic rate
78
when you get the flu, what horm are secreted?
CRH, epi, cortisol, thyroid because fever
79
Made by the parafollicular cells
calcitonin
80
btwn follicles and produce calcitonin
parafollicular cells
81
Inhibits dissolution of calcium from bone and stimulates excretion of calcium in the kidneys to lower blood calcium levels
calcitonin
82
what is endemic goiter caused by
low iodine
83
Generally 4 glands embedded in the back of the thyroid gland
parathyroid glands
84
Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
parathyroid glands
85
Hormone promotes a rise in blood calcium by acting on bones, kidneys, and intestine
parathyroid hormone (PTH)

physiology (10 decks)

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