unit 4: defense mechanisms

Question 1

Protect against disease-causing agents

Answer 1

pathogens

Question 2

make up the immune system

Answer 2

innate and adaptive immunity

Question 3

two types of pathogens

Answer 3

-innate (nonspecific) immunity
-adaptive (specific) immunity

Question 4

this immunity is inherited

Answer 4

innate

Question 5

this immunity is learned from exposure to specific pathogens; function of lymphocytes

Answer 5

adaptive

Question 6

cause disease in their host. 5 main types include bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, prions

Answer 6

pathogens

Question 7

first line of defense- fast and present from birth. there are two types:
-first line (physical and chemical barriers)
-second line (internal defense)

Answer 7

innate immunity

Question 8

innate immunity of skin includes

Answer 8

tight junctions

Question 9

what does mucosa secrete

Answer 9

mucous - anti microglial

Question 10

upper respritory

Answer 10

mucosa

Question 11

what wbc are in innate immunity

Answer 11

-phils and monocyte/macrophages

Question 12

innate immunity includes

Answer 12

tight junctions (epithelium), mucosa, wbc, stomach acid

Question 13

includes external and internal defenses

Answer 13

innate immunity

Question 14

serves as a first line of defense against pathogens

Answer 14

innate immunity

Question 15

cells that engulf and kill

Answer 15

macrophages and neutrophils

Question 16

cells distinguish “self” from “nonself” using — unique to the pathogens

Answer 16

pathogen associated molecular patterns (pamps)

Question 17

associated with pathogens.
-specific
-“this isnt me”
-antigens

Answer 17

pamps

Question 18

these cells respond by secreting chemokines to recruit more immune cells or activate specific immune cells

Answer 18

pamps

Question 19

small protein molecules produced by the immune system that act as chemoattractants, guiding immune cells to sites of infection or inflammation. They play a crucial role in directing immune cell migration, helping the body fight off infections, inflammatory conditions, and other diseases.

Answer 19

chemokines

Question 20

detected by pattern recognition receptors on immune cels like macrophages and dendritic cells

Answer 20

pamps

Question 21

tissue damage that causes necrosis

Answer 21

local inflammation

Question 22

when the immune system exposed to damps

Answer 22

local inflammation

Question 23

stimulates innate immune responses and inflammation

Answer 23

local inflammation

Question 24

When tissue is injured (like from a cut, burn, or lack of oxygen), some of the cells die in an uncontrolled way — this is called —-. It releases the cell contents into the surrounding tissue, which is abnormal and signals that something’s wrong.

Answer 24

necrosis

Question 25

When those damaged or dying cells break apart, they release internal molecules that aren't usually outside the cell. These are called

Answer 25

damps- danger associated molecular patterns

Question 26

act as alarm signals that tell the immune system theres damage, even if theres no infection

Answer 26

damps

Question 27

what happens when damps are detected by immune cells like macrophages or dendritic cells

Answer 27

they activate the innate immune system

Question 28

what happens when damps activate the innate immune system

Answer 28

the activation loeads to local inflammation at the site of damage- meanning inflammation is happening in that specific, injured area

Question 29

"silent" cell death. -controlled and clean. -cells die without triggering inflammation. -the cell shrinks, then phagocytes come clean it up -no damps released

Answer 29

apoptosis

Question 30

"explosive" cell death -not programmed and accidental -helps when apoptosis is blocked or not possible -cell swells and bursts, releasing damps

Answer 30

necroptosis

Question 31

regulated by the hypothalamus

Answer 31

fever

Question 32

A chemical called an --- sets the body temperature higher

Answer 32

endogenous pyrogen

Question 33

produced as a cytokine by leukocytes

Answer 33

endogenous pyrogen

Question 34

what stimulates the leukocytes to produce these cytokines

Answer 34

endotoxins

Question 35

along with fever, what else does endogenous pyrogen induce

Answer 35

sleepiness and a fall in plasma iron concentration (which limits bacterial activity).

Question 36

substance production in body that causes fevers by acting on hypothalamus to raise body temp set point

Answer 36

endogenous pyrogen

Question 37

how are fevers innate

Answer 37

-happens fast after infection -doesnt target specific pathogens -mediaated by general immune response (not antibodies or memory cells)

Question 38

The acquired ability to defend against specific pathogens after exposure to these pathogens

Answer 38

adaptive immunity

Question 39

mediated by antigens and antibodies

Answer 39

adaptive immunity

Question 40

2 branches of adaptive immunity

Answer 40

humoral and cell mediated

Question 41

this immunity is mediated by B cells. B cell produce antibodies that bind to antigens on pathogens

Answer 41

humoral

Question 42

this immunity os mediated by T cells. helper T cells (CD4) activate other immune cells

Answer 42

cell mediated

Question 43

molecules (proteins/sugars) on a surface of a pathogen that immune system cant recognize. detected by B and T cells. -"this doesnt belong"

Answer 43

antigen

Question 44

proteins made by activated B cells (plasma cells). -bind to specific antigen -neutralize viruses, tag pathogens so other cells can destroy them

Answer 44

antibodies

Question 45

ell surface molecules that stimulate the production of specific antibodies and combine with those antibodies

Answer 45

antigens

Question 46

what illicts an immune response

Answer 46

foreign antigens

Question 47

what bind to their specific anntigens

Answer 47

antibodies

Question 48

Large molecules can have several

Answer 48

antigenic determinant sites or epitopes

Question 49

what stimulates the production of and binding to antibodies

Answer 49

antigenic determinant sites or epitopes

Question 50

proteins made by plasma cells. once released, they circulate in plasma

Answer 50

antibodies

Question 51

why do antibodies circulate in plasma

Answer 51

find/bind to specific antigens help neutralize/ eliminate pathogens

Question 52

Derived from stem cells in the bone marrow

Answer 52

lymphocytes

Question 53

the stem cells in the bone marrow seed

Answer 53

the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes

Question 54

the site of new T lymphocytes through late childhood. It degenerates in adulthood, and new T lymphocytes are made through mitosis in secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 54

thymus

Question 55

sites where mature lymphocytes encounter antigens, become activated, and launch immune response. -lymoh nodes, spleen, malt

Answer 55

secondary lymphoid organs

Question 56

the bone marrow and thymus are considered

Answer 56

primary lymphoid organs

Question 57

where lymphocytes are born and mature into func immune cells before they go out to fight

Answer 57

primary lymphoid organs

Question 58

Lymphocytes that seed the thymus become

Answer 58

T lymphocytes

Question 59

T lymphocytes seed into

Answer 59

the blood, lymoh nodes, spleen

Question 60

attack host cells that have become infected with a virus or fungus, transplanted human cells, and cancer cells

Answer 60

t lymphocytes

Question 61

which lymphocytes do not produce antibodies

Answer 61

t lymphocytes

Question 62

must be in close proximity to the victim cell in order to destroy it

Answer 62

t lymphocyte

Question 63

does not involve antibodies. Instead, it relies on the T cells to identify and kill infected cells. its main goal is to destroy infected cells, cancer cells, or transplanted cells- anything that cant be reached by antibodies.

Answer 63

cell-mediated immunity

Question 64

key players of cell-mediated immunity

Answer 64

-cytocoxic t cells (CD8_ -helper t cells (CD4)

Question 65

Lymphocytes that come directly from bone marrow to seed secondary lymphoid organs (not the thymus) are called

Answer 65

B lymphocytes

Question 66

They combat bacterial and some viral infections

Answer 66

B lymphocytes

Question 67

secrete antibodies into blood and lymph so can be far from the victim

Answer 67

B lymphocytes

Question 68

B cells and antibodies fight extracellular pathogens like bacteria in blood stream. its an immune response in the blood and lymph, where antibodies circulate

Answer 68

humoral immunity -aka antibody mediated immunity