UNIT 3 and 4

Question 1

How do we replenish ATP?

Answer 1

ATP rysnthesis aka Rephosphoraltion

Question 2

what are the two phosphagen energy systems?

Answer 2

Phopho creatine and Myokinase reaction

Question 3

Phosphagen systems happen in ____

Answer 3

the cytoplasm

Question 4

The purpose of the breakdown of phosphocreatine (PCr) is to supply energy for the _____ of ATP

Answer 4

resynthesis

Question 5

What are the products of the phosphocreatine system?

Answer 5

Creatine, Free energy (ATP), inorganic phosphate

Question 6

The concentrations of reactants or products in solution will drive the directions of the reactions

Answer 6

mass action effect

Question 7

Increase in ADP does what to Pi and CK activity

Answer 7

increase

Question 8

Increase in ATP does what what to CK activity

Answer 8

decrease

Question 9

PCr system resynthesizes ATP for about ___ - ___ secs

Answer 9

3-15 seconds

Question 10

ADP + ADP <=> ATP+AMP

Answer 10

myokinase reaction

Question 11

_____ is a powerful stimulator of other energy systems

Answer 11

AMP

Question 12

There needs to be a lot ADP around for this system to happen

Answer 12

myokinae reaction

Question 13

___ is need for force production in muscle and for relaxation of the muscle

Answer 13

ATP

Question 14

Rate Limiting Enzyme for Glycolysis

Answer 14

Phoshphofructokinase

Question 15

Increased AMP, ADP, and Pi mean PFK activity

Answer 15

increases

Question 16

Increased ATP, PCr, and H+ ___ PFK activity

Answer 16

decrease

Question 17

_____ compounds give up electrons

Answer 17

oxidized

Question 18

____ Compound accepts electrons

Answer 18

reduced

Question 19

What are the two important oxidizing agents

Answer 19

NAD and FAD

Question 20

NADH oxidizes pryruvate turning it into

Answer 20

Lactic acid or lactate

Question 21

An increase in muscle lactate concentration….

Answer 21

Decrease muscle pH
Decrease key enzyme activity - Myosin ATPase, CK, PFK, etc.
Decrease Ca++-Troponin binding, crossbridge formation
Decrease muscle force production - fatigue

Question 22

Lactate removal is done by

Answer 22

uptake/ oxidation by heart, liver, and kidneys

Question 23

Reduced rate of lactate removal, recruitment of fast twitch-fibers, accelerated glycolysis, low muscle oxygen causes this happen

Answer 23

lactate threshold

Question 24

Lactic ____ results in muscle fatigue and reduced performance

Answer 24

acidosis

Question 25

Anaerobic glycolysis last for ___ - ____ min as the ____ energy system

Answer 25

2-3 min, primary

Question 26

This cycle dumps lactate into the blood and then uptaked by liver then liver turns lactate into pyruvate then to gluconeogenesis

Answer 26

Cori

Question 27

What is fatigue?

Answer 27

reduces a person's ability to complete a task due to decreased force, decrease RFD in creased time. exercise induced reduction in muscle performance

Question 28

What is recovery

Answer 28

the compensation of deficit states of an organisms. the establishment of the initial state

Question 29

What is is EIMD

Answer 29

Exercise-induced muscle damage aka fatigue

Question 30

why is knowing fatigue important

Answer 30

Injuries, dropping out, no progression

Question 31

What are the 4 stages of EIMD?

Answer 31

1. Initial 2. Autogenic 3. Phagocytic 4. Regenerative

Question 32

Describe 1. Initial stage of EIMD

Answer 32

Mechanical: High TENSION Damage to force-bearing & force-generating structures Damage to sarcolemma Damage to SR Damage to myofibrillar structures Metabolic Events High Temp. Insufficient ATP Production Free Radical Production Lowered pH

Question 33

Describe 2. Autogenic of EIMD

Answer 33

(clean-up crew further breaks down what is broken- proteases, & attracts immune cells)

Question 34

Describe 3 Phagocytotic Phase

Answer 34

Phagocytic phase (immune cells clean-up bacteria)

Question 35

Describe 4 Regenerative Phase

Answer 35

Regenerative Phase(cell nuclei & of other satellite cells activate genes for protein synthesis)

Question 36

What activates Satellite Cells?

Answer 36

Inflammmation

Question 37

NSAID maybe bad for recovery

Answer 37

NSAIDs (inhibits some benefits of supercompensation during recovery - less protein synthesis and satellite cell activation due to less inflammatory response)

Question 38

What works as recovery?

Answer 38

Sleep, light massage, nutrition, hydration

Question 39

What 2 things are needed for a muscle to produce force?

Answer 39

Calcium and energy (ATP)

Question 40

Reduction in ___ likely has very large role in causing fatigue

Answer 40

Ca++

Question 41

___ affects amount of total Ca++ release and reuptake

Answer 41

Pi

Question 42

Increases in ___ affect sensitivity of troponin

Answer 42

Pi

Question 43

___ ___ decrease Ca++ release and sensitivity

Answer 43

free radicals

Question 44

___ slows down glycolysis and reduces ATP production

Answer 44

Acidity

Question 45

What changes would you expect as a result of the Bosco Test?

Answer 45

Reduces How quickly off the ground Reduces How long you spend in the air (jump height) Reduces peak force Reduces muscular preactivation Reduces average activation during the jump Increases how long it takes to get from the lowest COM position to off the ground

Question 46

How are muscles recruited during the 60 second Bosco Test

Answer 46

Type I → Type IIa →Type IIx (think the theory of muscle recruitment), and Type I inevitably take over since Type 2 fades out, Motor units: start recruiting larger pools to increase force production until they fatigue

Question 47

Why does preactivation go down the longer you jump?

Answer 47

The more the muscle is being used the more it will become fatigued thus power output will begin to decrease (afferent nerves, sensing fatigue, inform CNS to drop rate of motor unit firing, thus decreasing pre-activation)

Question 48

Adaptation of skeletal muscle to chronic stimuli

Answer 48

Myoplasticity

Question 49

Adaptations to Strength Training

Answer 49

Increase strength Increase muscle size Increase in contractile and regulatory proteins Increase size and tensile strength of tendons and ligaments Increase bone mineral content (BMC) Increase anaerobic biochemical capability ATP, CrP, muscle glycogen, glycolytic enzymes

Question 50

Neural Adaptations to Resistance Training

Answer 50

Increased Motor Unit Activation (#) Increased firing rate (rate coding/freq of activation) Motor unit synchronization (intra-muscular coordination Effect of learning (inter-muscular coordination) Reduced antagonist activation Disinhibition (GTO)