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Physiology and Biomechanics of Anaerobic Exercise > Unit II > Flashcards

Unit II Flashcards

(82 cards)

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1
Q

If two forces are applied to an object simultaneously, the ______ vector is a combination of the two

A

resultant

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2
Q

Newton’s third law of motion: “equal & opposite force”
Force straight down results in GRF force straight up
Force against ground backwards and down causes force up and forward

A

Ground Reaction Forces

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3
Q

As we move away from earth’s surface, our weight (mass+gravity) diminishes but never full disappears

Ther is always some fraction of gravitational pull toward the Earth, even in outer space

A

Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation

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4
Q

Gravity pulls us down causing an acceleration downward at

A

9.81m/s^2

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5
Q

What is the weight equation?

A

Fweight= mass x gravity

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6
Q

How much GRF do we need against gravity for us to not move?

A

enough to bring the net force to zero

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7
Q

____ is the tendency of an object to keep moving

A

momentum

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8
Q

What is the equation for momentum?

A

M= Mass x velocity

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9
Q

Two people can have similar momentum, even with different mass, provided that the person with less has more ______.

A

velocity

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10
Q

When two object collide, there is a transfer of ____ ____ from one object to another

A

linear momentum

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11
Q

What is an example of the conservation of linear momentum?

A

baseball impact with bat: after impact, bat loses velocity but ball gains it

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12
Q

Describes the amount of time that force is applied to an object

A

Impulse

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13
Q

____ is neccessary to change momentum

A

impulse

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14
Q

What is the equation for impulse?

A

Impulse= Force x Time

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15
Q

What is the equation for impulse in relation to momentum?

A

Impulse= the change in momentum
F x t= m x change in velocity

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16
Q

more time x more force = more impulse means more total change in ______

A

velocity

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17
Q

_____ is the rate at which you develop force

A

RFD

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18
Q

Higher RFD= ___ force generation

A

faster

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19
Q

Lower RFD= ____ force generation

A

slower

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20
Q

High RFD= ___ impulse

A

higher

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21
Q

Low porosity, 5-30% of bone volume is occupied by non-mineralized tissue

A

Cortical bone

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22
Q

high porosity, 30-90% of bone volume is occupied by nonmineralized tissue

A

Trabecular bone

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23
Q

The threshold stimulus that initiates new bone formation

A

Minimal Essential Strain

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24
Q

Goal is to maximize diameter of bone and _____ thickness

A

cortical

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25
MES=
1/10th of the force required to fracture bone
26
Bone adaptation take about____ months to increase BMD
6
27
stronger forces of muscular contraction= more mechanical stress on bone= increase in bone____ and bone ____
mass, strength
28
Which principle to increase bone strength and muscle?
Progressive Overload
29
Which principle is important for BMD increases?
SAID
30
What are the structural exercises that direct the spine and hip?
Back Squat Power clean Deadlift snatch Push jerk Shoulder press
31
specificity of _____ is important
loading
32
changing distribution and direction of ___ ___ present a stimulus for new bone formation
force vectors
33
Define stress
load or force per unit area
34
define strain
deformation that occurs at a point in a structure in response to an externally applied load
35
Cortical Bone can withstand greater ____ but it fracture at __% strain
stress, 2
36
Trabecular bone fractures at ___ % strain
7.5
37
Define isotropic
having a physical property that has the same value when measured in different directions
38
Define anisotropic
not having a physical property that has the same value when measured in different directions
39
Both types of bones are ______tropic
anisotropic
40
Tension
is stress stretching or pulling away
41
compression
stress pointed at each other
42
torsion
twisting or torque
43
shear
from the side and opposing ends
44
bending
force are the pointed the same way but there is a fulcrum
45
Why are bones shaped the way they are? (flared out at the ends and tapered in the middle)
Increase area of contact (reduces contact stress or pressure) Reduces weight and moment inertia
46
Why are bones hollow?
Reduces Weight Allow for protected site for marrow and other cellular development Increases strength in bending (for a given amount of bone material)
47
what are example of reduced load on the body?
Bedridden patients Immobilization Sedentary people older adults astronauts
48
Early bone loading and RT in childhood and young adulthood likely results
in higher peak BMD
49
RT starting in adulthood and continuing through a lifetime slows
BMD loss
50
RT in childhood and through a lifetime probably provides substantial protection against
osteoporosis in women and men
51
_____ is a measure of the amount of force applied over a particular distance
work
52
The object or athlete moves from one point to another
work
53
What is the equation for work?
Work=Force x distance
54
Increase in work due to distance results in an increase in _____
Impulse
55
Increase in work due to force results in an increase in ___
Impulse
56
What kind of work is associated with a concentric muscle action?
Positive
57
What kind of work is associated with eccentric muscle action?
negative
58
No mechanical work done means what muscle action?
isometric
59
What are the equations for power?
Power= work/time Power= f x velocity
60
The ability of a person or object to do mechanical work is
energy
61
What are the 3 types of energy
Kinetic Graviational Potential Strain
62
what is the unit for energy
joules
63
What energy is due to the motion of an object
kinetic
64
What is equation for KE?
ke= 1/2 mass x velocity^2
65
What is the equation for momentum?
M= mv
66
The faster an object is moving, the more the momentum and the more ___ ___ it has
Kinetic Energy
67
it is a form of stored energy that results from the acceleration of gravity
Gravitational potential energy
68
What is the equation for GPE
GPE= mass x gravtiational accerlation (9.81 m/s^2) x height
69
Objects can store ____ energy if they have ability to restore themselves back to their original shape after being deformed
strain
70
How much resistance a person can exert against external forces in order to maintain there positioning
stability
71
____ is the ability to control the forces that make a person stable
balance
72
a person that has control of their stability can manipulate it in a controlled manner has
balance
73
Resistance against being moved in a particular direction
linear stability
74
more mass = more ____
stability
75
___ ____ is resistance against being tilted, tipped over, and upended or spun around
rotary stability
76
____ must be applied to cause an object to spin
torque
77
increase in size of ___ ___ ___ will increase stability
base of support
78
Vertical line that passes through an objects cent of gravity typically centralixed within the base of support to maintain stability
Line of gravity
79
____ the center of gravity to increase stability
lower
80
___ mass to increase stability
increase
81
____ base of support in direction of force being received or applied to increase stability. Allows you to apply force over a longer distance without losing balance
extend
82
What are the four ways to manipulate stability
Size of base of support Line of gravity with base of support Center of gravity Mass

Physiology and Biomechanics of Anaerobic Exercise (3 decks)

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