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PSYCH EXAm > Unit 3: AOS 1 > Flashcards

Unit 3: AOS 1 Flashcards

1
Q

CNS

A

receives neural messages from and transmits neural messages to the peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

PNS

A

comprising every neuron in the body outside of the central nervous system

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3
Q

PNS branches

A

somatic
autonomic (sympathetic, parasympathetic)

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4
Q

Somatic

A

transmits neural messages related to voluntary motor movement

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5
Q

Autonomic

A

: regulates visceral muscles, organs and glands, and transmits neural messages to the CNS about activity

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6
Q

Sympathetic

A

activates visceral muscles, organs, glands, preparing the body to respond to a threat/stressor

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7
Q

Parasympathetic

A

maintains optimal and balanced functioning of visceral muscles, organs and glands

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8
Q

Sensory neuron (afferent

A

transmit sensory neural messages about sensations from PNS to CNS

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9
Q

Motor neuron (efferent)

A

transmit motor neural messages about movement from CNS to PNS

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10
Q

Interneuron

A

transfer impulses between sensory and motor neurons

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11
Q

Conscious response

A

deliberate and voluntary action, initiated by the brain and performed intentionally by the body

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12
Q

Conscious response steps

A
  1. Sensory receptors receive info from sense organs
  2. Sensory neurons (somatic) send info to CNS
  3. Brain receives and interprets info and makes a decision on movement
  4. Motor neurons (somatic) send info from brain to effector cells in skeletal muscles
  5. Skeletal muscles move accordingly
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13
Q

Unconscious response

A

automatic and involuntary action performed by the body independently of the brain

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14
Q

Unconscious response steps

A
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15
Q

Neurochemicals

A

chemical substance that transmits neural information within the nervous system

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16
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical molecule that has an effect on one or two postsynaptic neurons
o Excitatory neurotransmitters: glutamate – learning & memory
o Inhibitory neurotransmitters: GABA – reduces anxiety

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17
Q

Neuromodulators

A

chemical molecule that has an effect on multiple postsynaptic neurons
o Dopamine – motor movement, pleasure
o Serotonin – mood and sleep

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18
Q

Synaptic plasticity

A

ability of synaptic connections to change over time in response to activity or experience

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19
Q

Sprouting

A

ability of dendrites and axons to develop new extensions or branches

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20
Q

Rerouting

A

ability of a neuron connected to a damaged neuron to create alternative synaptic connection with an undamaged neuron

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21
Q

Pruning

A

elimination of synaptic connections that are not adequately activated

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22
Q

LTP

A

long lasting and experience dependent strengthening of synaptic connections that are regularly coactivated

23
Q

LTD

A

long-lasting and experience-dependent weakening of synaptic connections that are not regularly coactivated

24
Q

Stress

A

psychological and physiological experience that occurs when an individual encounters something of significance that demands their attention and/or efforts to cope

25
Stressor
internal or external stimulus that prompts a stress response
26
Internal stress
stimulus within a person’s body that prompts stress response
27
External stress
stimulus from outside a person’s body that prompts the stress response
28
Eustress
form of stress characterised by positive psychological state
29
Distress
form of stress characterised by negative psychological state
30
Acute stress
stress that lasts for a relatively short time
31
Chronic stress
stress that continues for a prolonged period of time
32
fight flight freeze
involuntary response to a threatening, fearful or stressful situation, involving physiological changed produced by the sympathetic nervous system
33
Cortisol
hormone released in times of stress to aid the body in initiating and maintaining heightened arousal (primary stress syndrome) secreted by adrenal glands o Causes the body’s functions to operate at heightened levels
34
HPA axis
activated at slower, longer-lasting response to stress which induces release of cortisol into the bloodstream
35
Alarm-reaction stage
: initial decrease and subsequent increase in bodily arousal in response to immediate stressor o Shock: resistance falls below normal o Countershock: sympathetic causes physiological reactions to occur, resistance increase to above normal
36
Resistance stage
maintaining high levels of bodily arousal in response to persistent stressor, resistance above normal o Cortisol released into bloodstream to energise body
37
Exhaustion stage
depletion of energy levels and bodily resources, resulting in an inability to cope with the stressor
38
GAS +
+predictable pattern of physiological responses associated with distinct stages
39
GAS -
- only focuses on biological aspects
40
Primary Appraisal
initial process of evaluating the nature of incoming stressor o Benign positive: initial appraisal of a stimulus as neutral or good that does not cause stress o Irrelevant: initial appraisal of a stimulus as a non-issue for the individual o Stressful  Harm/loss: caused damage to individual  Threat: causes damage to the future  Challenge: positive opportunity for growth
41
Secondary appraisal
evaluating the resources required and available in order to cope with a stressor
42
Emotion focused coping
coping strategies that target emotional components of a stressor
43
Problem focused coping
coping strategies that directly target the source of the stressor
44
Coping resources ....
 Coping sources are adequate o Reappraisal or reduced/eliminated stress  Not enough resources available o Stress
45
TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF STRESS AND COPING + and -
+allows track the subjective stress response -stages of primary and secondary appraisal can occur simultaneously
46
gut microbiota
all of the microorganisms that live in the gut
47
Gut microbiome
all of the genes of the microorganisms that live in the gut
48
Gut brain axis
bidirectional connection between the gut and the brain through the enteric and central nervous system o Enteric nervous system: network of nerves in the gut (autonomic subdivision) o CNS
49
Context-specific effectiveness
when the coping strategy or mechanism used is appropriate for the unique demands of the stressor
50
Coping flexibility
an individuals ability to adjust or change their coping strategies depending on the unique changing demands of a stressor
51
High and Low coping
o High coping: readily adjust coping strategy o Low coping: difficultly in adjusting or adapting coping strategy
52
Approach strategy
directly confront source of the stress and reduce it (practical)
53
Avoidance strategy
evading or distancing oneself from source of stress (not practical)
54

PSYCH EXAm (5 decks)

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