Unit 4: AOS 3 Flashcards
Aim
the aim of the study was to determine if the (iv) influences the (dv)
Hypothesis
It was hypothesised that (population) who (iv) will increase/decrease (dv), compared to (population) who (iv)
IV
manipulated
DV
measured
Case study
an investigation of a particular activity, behaviour, event or problem that contains a real or hypothetical situation and includes the complexities that would be encountered in the real world
Case Study +/-
+highly detailed
+allow phenomena to be examined in depth
-cannot be generalised to wider population
-time-consuming
Correlational Study
a type of non-experimental study in which researchers observe and measure the relationship between two or more variables without any active control or manipulation of them
Correlational Study +/-
+no manipulation of variables required
+naturalistic settings (applicable to real work)
-cannot draw conclusions about cause and effect
-subject to the influence of extraneous variables
Controlled experiments
type of investigation in which the casual relationship between two variables is tested in a controlled environment (effect of iv on the dv tested while aiming to control all other variables)
Controlled experiments +/-
+draw conclusions about specific variables
+strictly controlled procedure
-setting may not reflect real life
-open to researcher error or experimenter effects
Controlled experiements EG
Within subjects: all participants take part in every condition
Between subjects: every participation experiences only one condition
Mixed design: combines features
Fieldwork
observing and interacting with a selected environment beyond the classroom (direct observation, qualitative interviews, questionnaires, focus groups, yarning circles)
Fieldwork +/-
+applicable to real world
+rich, detailed data
-time-consuming and expensive
-difficult to control environment and extraneous variables
Population
large group that is of interest to the researcher
Convenience sampling
selecting readily available members of the population
Convenience sampling +/-
+time-effective
+cost-effective
-harder to generalise results
-unrepresentative sample
Random sampling
equal chance
Random Sampling +/-
+equal chance
+highly representative sample
-time-consuming
-biased sample (by chance)
Stratified Sampling
breaking the population into groups based on strata you wish to control for in the sample
Stratified Sampling +/-
+representative sample
-time-consuming
-expensive
Extraneous variables
a variable other than the IV that MAY cause a change in the DV
Confounding variables
a variable other than IV that has an unwanted effect on the DV
EV/CV EG
o Participant-related differences
o Order effects
o Placebo effects
o Experimenter effects
o Situation variables
o Non-standard instructions and procedures
o Demand characteristics
Ways to prevent EV/CV
o Sample size and procedures
o Experimental design choice
o Counterbalancing
o Placebo
o Single blind procedures
o Double blind procedures
o Standardised instructions and procedures
o Controlled variables
