Unit 3 AOS 1

Question 1

Health and wellbeing

Answer 1

is a concept that refers to the state of an individual’s physical, social, emotional, mental and spiritual existence and is characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged.

Question 2

The five dimensions of health and wellbeing are:

Answer 2

physical
social
emotional
mental
spiritual.

Question 3

Physical health and wellbeing

Answer 3

Physical health and wellbeing relates to the state and functioning of the body and its systems; it includes the physical capacity to perform daily activities or tasks.

Factors that relate to physical health and wellbeing include body weight, fitness, energy levels and the absence or presence of disease or illness.

Question 4

physical health and wellbeing charactistics

Answer 4

optimal blood pressure, absence of disease illness and injury, appropriate levels of fitness, optiaml energy levels, healthy body weight, physical capacity to peform daily tasks

Question 5

Social health and wellbeing

Answer 5

Social health and wellbeing relates to the state and quality of the interactions and relationships that an individual has with other people.

Question 6

charactistics of social health and wellbeing

Answer 6

productive relationships wiht other people, supportive and well functioning family, manage and adapt to different social situations, effective comminication

Question 7

Emotional health and wellbeing

Answer 7

Emotional health and wellbeing is defined as the ability to recognise, understand and effectively manage and express emotions, as well as the ability to display resilience.

Question 8

charactistics of emotional health and wellbeing

Answer 8

high levels of resilence, recognising emotional actions, expereincing appropraite emotions, effectively express and managin emotions

Question 9

Mental health and wellbeing

Answer 9

Mental health and wellbeing relates to the state of a person’s mind or brain and the ability to think and process information.

Optimal mental health and wellbeing enables an individual to positively form opinions, make decisions and use logic. It also relates to the current state of the mind, the nature of the thoughts experienced and how a person feels about themselves.

Question 10

charactistics of mental health and wellbeing

Answer 10

low levels of stress and anxiety, optimal self esteem, high levels of confidence, ability to think and processs information, use logic and reasoning to form opinions and make decisions, postiiev thought patterns

Question 11

Spiritual health and wellbeing

Answer 11

Spiritual health and wellbeing relates to ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the minds and conscience of human beings.

Question 12

charactistics of spiritual health and wellbeing

Answer 12

experiencing peace and hope, sense of belonging and connection to the world, developed personal values and beliefs, having meaning place and purpose in life, acting according to values and beliefs

Question 13

Optimal health and wellbeing as a resource for individuals

Answer 13

sleep well, work productively, reduced healthcare costs, gain an education, earn an income, exercise, spend time with friends, live independently, increase leisure time

Question 14

Optimal health and wellbeing as a resource for countries

Answer 14

increased soical participation, longer healthier lives, health system savings, fewer people relying on social security, increased productivity, higher average incomes, reduced stress and anxiety in the community.

Question 15

Optimal health and wellbeing as a resource globally

Answer 15

promotes sustaiabiluty, reduces risk of disease transmission between countries, assists in promoting peace and stability, promotes economic development, promotes social development

Question 16

health status

Answer 16

an individual’s or population’s overall level of health and wellbeing taking into account various indicators such as life expectancy, mortality and morbidity

Question 17

health indicators

Answer 17

standard statistics that are used to measure and compare health status (e.g. life expectancy, mortality rates, morbidity rates)

Question 18

self-assessed health status

Answer 18

‘An individual’s own opinion about how they feel about their health, their state of mind and their life in general’

Question 19

life expectancy

Answer 19

the number of years of life, on average, remaining to an individual at a particular age if death rates do not change. The most commonly used measure is life expectancy at birth

Question 20

health-adjusted life expectancy

Answer 20

the average length of time an individual at a specific age can expect to live in full health; that is, time lived without the health consequences of disease or injury

Question 21

mortality

Answer 21

relates to death, often at a population level

Question 22

mortality rate

Answer 22

the measure of the proportion of a population who die in a one-year period (usually per 100 000); sometimes referred to as ‘death rate’

Question 23

infant mortality rate

Answer 23

the rate of deaths of infants before their first birthday, usually expressed per 1000 live births

Question 24

under-5 mortality rate (U5MR)

Answer 24

the number of deaths of children under five years of age per 1000 live births

Question 25

maternal mortality ratio

Answer 25

the number of mothers who die as a result of pregnancy, childbirth or associated treatment per 100 000 women who give birth (or per 100 000 live births)

Question 26

infant mortality

Answer 26

deaths in children between birth and their first birthday

Question 27

morbidity

Answer 27

ill health in an individual and levels of ill health within a population (often expressed through incidence and prevalence)

Question 28

incidence

Answer 28

refers to the number (or rate) of new cases of a disease/condition in a population during a given period (usually 12 months)

Question 29

prevalence

Answer 29

the total number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time

Question 30

burden of disease

Answer 30

a measure of the impact of diseases and injuries, specifically the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. Burden of disease is measured in a unit called the DALY

Question 31

DALY

Answer 31

a measure of burden of disease. One DALY is equal to one year of healthy life lost due to illness and/or death. DALYs are calculated as the sum of the years of life lost due to premature death and the years lived with disability for people living with the health condition or its consequences

Question 32

years of life lost (YLL)

Answer 32

a measure of how many years of expected life are lost due to premature death

Question 33

years lived with disability (YLD)

Answer 33

a measure of how many healthy years of life are lost due to disease, injury or disability

Question 34

biological factors that impact health status and health and wellbeing

Answer 34

Body weight, age, blood pressure, blood cholesterol, glucose regulation, birth weight, genetics

Question 35

overweight and obesity impact health status and health and wellbeing

Answer 35

increases the strain on the heart resulting in higher prevalence of cvd whihc can increase mortality rates. Can contribute to higher reates of type 2 diabetes which can increase the incidnce of kidney disease and contribute to lower life expectancy. can place extra strain on joints which can lead to arthiritis. people experiening obesity may face social exclusion and discrimination leading to low self-esteem

Question 36

age impact health status and health and wellbeing

Answer 36

ageing increases the incidence and prevalence of a range of conditions, including hearing loss, back and neck pain, dementia, osteoarthriitis. decerased levels of fitness and aerobioc capacity decreases the ability to complete some activities- reduced bone density contributing to an increased risk of fractures.

Question 37

hypertension impact health status and health and wellbeing

Answer 37

can increase risk of heart attack and lead to higher rates of premature death can contribute to kidney failure which can lead to higher rates of morbidity symptoms associatesd with hypertension cna reduce an individuals ability to continue with daily activites- reduced social interactions, reduced physical health

Question 38

genetics impact health status and health and wellbeing

Answer 38

Genetics increases the risk of certain conditions among females compared to males such as osteroporosis contriubting to higher morbidity rates of this condition among females hormones can contribute to higher rates of risk taking behaviours among males compared to females contributing to higher rates of injury deaths gentic plays a role in determining peoples personalities some people are more outgoing which can lead to more social interactions and imporved soical health and wellbeing

Question 39

socioeconomic impact on helath status and health and wellbeing

Answer 39

lack of money for health care can mean conditions go untreated increasing rates of morbidity lack of moeny for social activities can reduce quality of relationships

Question 40

sociocultural factors that impact health status and health and wellbeing

Answer 40

ses, employment status, social exclusion, cultural background, food security, early life experiences, access to health care, commercial factors

Question 41

social exclusion impact on helath status and health and wellbeing

Answer 41

increased risk-taking behaviours, such as smoking and vaping, alcohol and drug misuse higher prevalence of some cancers, cvd, and respiratory diesases can increase the risk of injuries from impaired motor control (alcohol use) leading to physical pain

Question 42

cultural background impact on health status and health and wellbeing

Answer 42

some religions are forbidden to receive blood transfusions which can increase mrobidity and mortality rates religion can provide a sense of hope and a purpose in life and provide a community that often bands together in times of challenge

Question 43

early life experiences impact on health status and health and wellbeing

Answer 43

low birth weight increases the risk of death during infancy increasing the infant mortaility rate if the resoutatory system is impacted the indiviudals may find excerising difficult which results in lower levels of fitness and high body weight

Question 44

food security impact of health status and health and wellbeing

Answer 44

lack of financial resources can elead to an inability to afford nutritiious foods which can lead to increased rates of obesity and associated condtions such as type 2 diabetes and some cancers if an individual is unsure where their next meal will come from they can expereince increased levels of stress

Question 45

commercial factors impacting health status and health and wellbeing

Answer 45

Increased consumption of products such as alcohol and energy-dense foods can increase the prevalence of type 2 diabetes, some cancers and cardiovascular disease, which can all contribute to increased mortality rates. exposure to air pollution can contribute to higher morbidity rates due to respitatory conditions like asthma noise pollucation can prevent people from acheiving people from achieiving adequate sleep, leading to increased levels of stress and lower levels of energy

Question 46

environmental factors

Answer 46

work envionment, urban design and infrastructure, climate change, housing

Question 47

housing impact on health status and health and wellbeing

Answer 47

overcrowded conditions place added strain on bathroom, kitchen and laundry facilities which cna lead to unsanitary conditions increasing the incidence of of infectious diseases. it an impact self esteem and social interactions by reducing engagement in education and employemnt because people struggle to complete daily chores including homework

Question 48

work enviornment impact on health status and helath adn wellbeing

Answer 48

many workplaces have risk associated with the specific enviornment in which the work is carried out, people working on farms and often use of heavy machinery can increase the incidence of workplace injuries and even death increasing mortality rates workers may experience increased levels of stress and anxiety if they work in a high risk environemnt if they sustain an injury they may experience signficant levels of pain

Question 49

urban design and infrastructure

Answer 49

being able to access publuic transport can assist people particulary those with limited mobility in accessing resources such as education, employment, food and health care whihc can be managed reducing levels potentially reducing the risk of premature death lowering mortality rates being able to access education may feel a sense of achievement which can promote self esteem

Question 50

The impact of smoking and vaping on health status in Australia

Answer 50

Smoking narrows the arteries to your brain, acusing htem to become blocked causing strokes. smoking causes cancers affecting the mouth and throat smoking during pregnancy reduces the flow of blood increasing the risk of miscarriage, prematrue birth, still birth.

Question 51

The impact of alcohol on health status in Australia

Answer 51

alcohol consumption can increase the risk of bieng overweight or obese as it contains kjs consuming alcohol during pregnancy affects health incuding raising the risk of premature death, low birth weight, feat alcohol spectrum disorder

Question 52

The impact of overweight and obesity on health status in Australia

Answer 52

high bmi places greater strain on the heart which increases the incidence and prevalence of hypertension and cvd places greater strain on the joints increasing the prevalence of arthiritis

Question 53

The impact of a low intake of fibre

Answer 53

Fibre also assists in reducing blood glucose and cholesterol levels, and promoting digestive health. Low intake is therefore a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and colorectal cancer.

Question 54

impacts of underconsumption of fruit and vegetables

Answer 54

low intact increases the risk of obesity, cancer cvd and type 2 diabetes

Question 55

impacts of underconsumption of dairy

Answer 55

low intake can lead to osteoporosis, decreasing the bone density, making bones brittle and more likely to break or fracture

Question 56

impact of high intake of fat

Answer 56

high intake of fat contriubutes to weight gain monounsaturated fats decrease LDL (bad) cholesterol and protects people from cvd polyunsatured increase HDL (good) and decrease LDL (bad) cholesterol decreasesing the risk of cvd trans and saturated fats increase LDL cholesterol and increase risk of cvd

Question 57

high intake of salt

Answer 57

sodium is responsible for regulating blood pressure and volume high itnake is a risk factor for cvd and hypertension

Question 58

high intake of sugar

Answer 58

leads to overweights and obesity because glucose is quickyly released into the blood stream Overconsumption of sugar can increase triglycerides in the blood and increases risk of coronary heart disease – this is particularly the case for simple carbs such as lollies or soft drink. increases the risk of diabetes