Unit 3 Aos 2 Memory

Question 1

define memory

Answer 1

the process of storing, encoding and retrieving information that has been previously encountered

Question 2

Define the Atkinson - Shriffin multi-store model of memory

Answer 2

model of memory outlining three separate memory stores (sensory, short-term, long-term), each of which interact through processes of encoding, storage and retrieval

Question 3

Define sensory memory

Answer 3

entry point for memory that stores an exact replica of the real world

Question 4

How long does sensory memory last for?

Answer 4

0.2-4 seconds

Question 5

List the types of sensory memory

Answer 5

Iconic, echoic and eidetic memory

Question 6

Define iconic memory

Answer 6

a type of sensory memory that stores visual sensory info

Question 7

Define echoic memory

Answer 7

a type of sensory memory that stores auditory sensory info

Question 8

Define eidetic memory

Answer 8

a rare type of sensory memory, also known as photographic memory that stores visual sensory memory with extended duration

Question 9

define short term memory

Answer 9

memory store that temporarily stores a limited amount of info that is consciously being attended to and actively manipulated

Question 10

how long does short term memory last for

Answer 10

18-30 seconds

Question 11

List 3 methods to improve short term memory

Answer 11

Chunking, maintenance rehearsal & elaborative rehearsal

Question 12

Define chunking

Answer 12

involves grouping smaller chunks of info into larger chunks in order to hold more information

Question 13

define maintenance rehearsal

Answer 13

involves repeating new info over and over to keep it in short term memory as long as possible

Question 14

define elaborative rehearsal

Answer 14

involves meaningfully linking new info to info already stores in long term memory to improve ability to remember info

Question 15

define long term memory

Answer 15

a memory store that stores potentially unlimited amount of information for a relatively permanent amount of time

Question 16

list the 2 types of long term memory and their subtypes

Answer 16

Explicit/declarative (semantic & episodic) and Implicit (procedural & classically conditioned)

Question 17

Define explicit memory

Answer 17

a type of long term memory that is consciously retrieved

Question 18

define implicit memory

Answer 18

a type of long term memory that is unconsciously retrieved

Question 19

define semantic memory

Answer 19

a type of explicit memory that consists of general knowledge or facts

Question 20

define episodic memory

Answer 20

a type of explicit memory that consists of personal experiences or events

Question 21

define procedural memory

Answer 21

a type of implicit memory that involves knowing how to carry out tasks facilitated by motor movement

Question 22

list the 3 memory processes

Answer 22

encoding, storage, retrieval

Question 23

define classically conditioned memory

Answer 23

a type of implicit memory that involves an involuntary response to a stimulus that has repeatedly been paired with an emotionally-arousing stimulus

Question 24

define encoding

Answer 24

the process of converting info into a useable form that can be manipulated and store in the brain

Question 25

define storage

Answer 25

the retention of info over time

Question 26

define retrieval

Answer 26

the process of accessing info that has been stored in LTM and bringing it into conscious awareness, the STM

Question 27

what is the explanatory power of the Atkinson Shriffin multi-store model of memory?

Answer 27

It successfully explains the 3 distinct stores involved in memory & how they interact with each other through encoding, storage and retrieval (include strenght and limitation)

Question 28

list 3 strengths of the Atkinson Shriffin multi-store model of memory

Answer 28

- it distinguishes between the diff stores involved in memory - it outlines that each memory store has a different capacity and duration - it provides a good understanding of the structure and process of memory

Question 29

list 3 limitations of the Atkinson Shriffin multi-store model of memory

Answer 29

- it may be considered oversimplified - the STM is more complex than the model suggests as it may not be a singular store but may consist of different components - it doesn't account for individual differences in memory proccesses, storage, duration and capacity - it ignores factors such as motivation and strategy that can facilitate learning and assist with encoding info from STM to LTM

Question 30

List the brain structures involved in implicit memory

Answer 30

basal ganglia & cerebellum

Question 31

define the basal ganglia's role in implicit memory

Answer 31

Brain structure involved in encoding and storing procedural memories and classically conditioned memories that are associated with unconscious habits, behaviours and procedures

Question 32

define the cerebellum's 2 roles

Answer 32

- brain structure that encodes and stores implicit procedural memories - controls balance, co-ordination, movement and motor skills

Question 33

list the brain structures involved in explicit memory

Answer 33

hippocampus, amygdala and neocortex

Question 34

Define the hippocampus in relation to explicit memory

Answer 34

brain structure that is primarily involved in encoding explicit memories

Question 35

list 4 functions of the amygdala in relation to explicit memory

Answer 35

- brain structure primarily involved in encoding emotion components of memories - signals hippocampus once it detects an emotionally arousing experience that is meaningful - retrieves explicit memories that are emotionally driven - involved in strengthening encoding of emotional components of memory and contributing to encoding them in greater detail

Question 36

define the neocortex

Answer 36

brain structure that stores explicit memories once they are encoded and transferred from the hippocampus

Question 37

explain the structure of the neocortex

Answer 37

- consists of four lobes (parietal, temporal, occipital and frontal)

Question 38

explain the role of episodic and semantic memory in remembering scenarios

Answer 38

semantic: retrieves general knowledge and facts from LTM, e.g. name of restaurant episodic: retrieves personal experience/event from LTM, e.g. feeling of going to the restaurant

Question 39

explain the role of episodic and semantic memory in imagining scenarios

Answer 39

semantic: envisions scenarios that are consistent and fit in with what individuals already know about the world, e.g. knowing what clothes to wear in winter episodic: envision subjective imagined future with more richly detailed elements, e.g. emotional reactions of people

Question 40

define Alzheimer's disease

Answer 40

a neurodegenerative disease involving the progressive loss of neurons in the brain and characterised by memory decline

Question 41

list the 2 main brain lesions/causes of Alzheimer's

Answer 41

amyloid plaques & neurofribrillary tangles

Question 42

define amyloid plaques

Answer 42

fragments of protein beta-amyloid that accumulate into insoluble plaques inhibiting communication between neurons

Question 43

define neurofibrillary tangles

Answer 43

an accumulation of the protein tau that forms insoluble tangles within neurons, inhibiting transportation of essential substances and eventually killing the neuron entirely

Question 44

list the 2 ways Alzheimer's can be diagnosed

Answer 44

- brain images can identify brain lesions caused by amyloid plaques - only determined by post-mortem examination

Question 45

list 3 symptoms of Alzheimer's

Answer 45

- memory loss, esp of explicit memories - personality change - frequent confusion and disorientation

Question 46

list treatment for Alzheimer's

Answer 46

- no treatment - symptoms worsen over time - medication can slow its progressions

Question 47

define aphantasia

Answer 47

phenomenon in which individuals lack capacity to generate mental imagery

Question 48

define mnemonics

Answer 48

devices or techniques used to aid encoding, storage and retrieval of info

Question 49

list the 3 types of mnemonics in written tradition

Answer 49

acrostics, acronyms, method of loci

Question 50

list the 2 traditions mnemonics is involved in

Answer 50

written & oral traditions

Question 51

define written traditions in relation to mnemonics

Answer 51

practices in which knowledge, stories and customs are preserved and shared through writing and reading

Question 52

define oral traditions in relation to mnemonics

Answer 52

practices in which knowledge, stories and customs are preserved and shared through spoken word and movement

Question 53

Define & give example of an acronym

Answer 53

mnemonic device in which the first letters of words form a pronounceable word to aid memory, e.g. BODMAS for math order of functions

Question 54

define & give example of a n acrostic

Answer 54

mnemonic device in which the first letters of items create a phrase, rhyme or poem to aid memory, e.g. Bad Cats Smell Dead Rats for ottawa charter areas

Question 55

Define the method of loci

Answer 55

mnemonic device that converts items into mental images and associates them with specific locations to aid memory

Question 56

list the 5 steps involved in the method of loci

Answer 56

1. visualise and imagine familiar route/place 2. select several memorable places 3. create visual imagery for each item needed to be remembered 4. link each item to one of the identified memorable landmarks 5. imagine they are walking through the route/place and retrieve each item by observing items at each landmark

Question 57

list the 2 types of mnemonics in oral tradition

Answer 57

sung narratives & songlines

Question 58

define sung narratives

Answer 58

stories that share important cultural, ecological and survival info through the use of singing, harmony and rhythm

Question 59

define songlines

Answer 59

multimodal performances conducted as a family or community travels through Country and spaces in the landscape that record journeys, link important sites and describe ways to live, care for and nurture Country