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Psychology UNIT 3 and 4 > UNIT 3 AOS1 > Flashcards

UNIT 3 AOS1 Flashcards

1
Q

3 main roles of the Nervous System

A

Receives
Processing
Response

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2
Q

Receives

A

Receives sensory stimuli
Eg. Heart rate

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3
Q

Process

A

Processing information, making sense or interpretation

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4
Q

Respond

A

Responding back to stimuli, physical action
Eg. Using skeletal muscles - internal muscles

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5
Q

Central Nervous System

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal cord (spinal reflex)
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6
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

All nerves besides brain and spinal cord
- Somatic and Autonomic

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7
Q

Somatic

A
  • Voluntary motor movements (conscious)
  • Sensory and motor neurons
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8
Q

Sensory

A

Afferent, towards CNS

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9
Q

Motor

A

Efferent, away CNS

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10
Q

Autonomic

A
  • Involuntary (unconscious)
  • Controls visceral muscles
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11
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Activated in stress response, responding to threat. Fight / flight
Eg. Heart, breathing increases, pupils dilate, bladder releases

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12
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Restores Homeostasis (balance)
Eg. Decreases heart rate, digestion continues at normal rate

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13
Q

Fight / Flight / Freeze

A

Response of survival when under threat

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14
Q

Spinal Reflex

A

Unconscious, immediate response to protect the body from harm

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15
Q

Spinal Reflex 1.

A

Receptors - cells that detect a stimulus

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16
Q

Spinal Reflex 2.

A

Sensory neurons - carry stimulus to CNS (afferent)

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17
Q

Spinal Reflex 3.

A

Interneurons - in the spinal cord intercepts the message and initiate a motor response

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18
Q

Spinal Reflex 4.

A

Motor response - carry message to skeletal muscles (efferent)

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19
Q

Spinal Reflex 5.

A

Response - message received muscles move

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20
Q

Neurochemicals

A
  • Neurotransmitters
  • Neuromodulators
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21
Q

Neurotransmitter

A
  • Used from single pre-synaptic neuron to single post-synaptic neuron
  • Glutamate + Gaba
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22
Q

Neuromodulators

A
  • Used at more than one post-synaptic neuron
  • Dopamine + Serotonin
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23
Q

Excitatory

A

Increased chance of action potential

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24
Q

Inhibitory

A

Decreased chance of action potential

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25
Glutamate
Memory - neurotransmitter (excitatory)
26
GABA
Calming - neurotransmitter (inhibitory)
27
Dopamine
Pleasure - neuromodulator (excitatory) - Reward system - Repetition of certain behaviours (links behaviour with reward)
28
Serotonin
Mood - neuromodulator (inhibitory)
29
Chemical Transmission 1.
Electrical impulse reaches axon terminal of the pre-synaptic neuron
30
Chemical Transmission 2.
Neurochemicals are released from vesicles into the synaptic gap
31
Chemical Transmission 3.
Neurochemicals bind to a receptors on the post-synaptic neuron IF the shape is complementary
32
Chemical Transmission 4.
If neurochemicals are glutamate the post-synaptic neuron is more likely to release an electrical impulse If neurochemicals are GABA the post-synaptic neuron is less likely to fire
33
Threshold
Excitatory: Once over the threshold, the post synaptic neuron has reached action potential. Inhibitory: Decreases until resting.
34
Difference between neuromodulators and neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters have an effect on one or two synapses, whilst neuromodulators have an effect on multiple synapses.
35
Similarities between neuromodulators and neurotransmitters
Similarity: Both must bind to a specific receptor site to have an effect.
36
Synaptic plasticity (Neuronal plasticity)
Changes to synapses with an increased or decreased stimulation
37
Synaptogenesis (Sprouting)
After repeated use (practice) of neurons they develop new branches on dendrites - More efficient communication - Bushier dendrites - Axon terminals grow more appendages
38
Rerouting
- New neural pathways since new synapses form - Response to damage to neurons
39
Pruning
- Decreased number of synapses to conserve resources for sprouting of other neurons - Weak simulation leads to pruning
40
Long Term Potentiation (LTP)
Strengthening of synapses, more neurotransmitters and receptor's are increased. Repeated use of neural pathway: - Increase in neurotransmitters - Increase in receptors numbers
41
Long Term Depression (LTD)
Weakening of stimulation signals of a synapse, therefore less efficient - Pre-synaptic neuron reduce in neurotransmitters (glutamate) - Post-synaptic neuron reduce in receptors
42
Stress
An individuals experience in response to an event - Subjective
43
Stress - Biological (Physiological)
Involuntary, fight / flight response
44
Stress - Psychological
Emotional + cognitive (thoughts) changes
45
Internal stressor
- Body (within) eg. thoughts, illness
46
External stressor
- Outside of body (anything environmental) eg. assignments
47
Acute
- Short term - Adrenaline can be beneficial - Fight / Flight - Sympathetic - Freeze - Parasympathetic
48
Chronic
- Long term - Ongoing pressure - Cortisol - a stress hormone
49
Eustress
A POSITIVE perception of a stressor
50
Distress
A NEGATIVE perception of a stressor
51
Role of Cortisol
- A stress hormone - Released by adrenal glands when stressor becomes more chronic - Immune system is suppressed
52
Seyles General Adaption Syndrome (GAS)
Resistance to stress: 1. Alarm reaction 2. Stage of resistance 3. Stage of exhaustion
53
Alarm Reaction
Shock and countershock
54
Shock (Alarm)
Parasympathetic freeze response - Heart rate drops - Temperature drops - Breathing rate decreases
55
Countershock (Alarm)
Sympathetic fight / flight response Adrenaline and noradrenaline hormones - Heart rate increases - Pupils dilate - Breathing rate increases
56
Resistance stage
Release of cortisol, energises the body to resist stressors - Cortisol suppresses the immune system - More energy - As resistance continues, frequent infections can occur (cold)
57
Exhaustion Stage
Bodies resources are depleted - Serve fatigue - Serve weight loss / gain - Diseases and Diabetes
58
Lazarus + Folkman’s transactional model of stress and coping.
Stressor —-> Benign/Irrelevant | v Stressful. - Primary Appraisal -> unconscious evaluation. Threat ( Future ). Harm/Loss (Past) Challenge ( Eustress ) -> benefit. Secondary Appraisal -> Conscious decision. “Are there sufficient recourses to cope?” YES –> Reappraised as NOT stressful. NO –> Distress is experienced.
59
Strategies to cope with stress
- Approach + avoidance
60
Approach
Direct approach - Directly minimises stressor
61
Avoidance
Indirect approach - Minimises the effects/symptoms produced by the stressor - Stressor always still there
62
Maladaptive
Makes avoidance worse in the long run
63
Approach + Avoidant example
Sac coming up: Approach - studying Avoidant - procrastination
64
Context specific effectiveness
Appropriate for the unique demands of the stressor Example: Studying for an exam
65
Coping flexibility
Recognising that the coping strategy is no longer effective and change strategies Example: Not being able to study right before the exam, taking deep breaths instead
66
Gut Brain Axis
Gut to the brain Brain to the gut - The connection between the gut and the brain through the enteric and central nervous system
67
Vagus Nerve
Connects the gut and brain, goes both ways
68
Enteric Nervous System
Nerve pathways within the GI (Gastro intestinal) track link to brain
69
Microbiota
Lots of different species of bacteria
70
Gut Microbiota
All the microorganisms that live in the gut
71
Gut microbiome
Human digestive-tract associated with microbes 🦠
72
Good for gut health :)
Fermented food - Miso soup - Kimchi Microbiota is good gut bacteria
73
Bad for gut health :(
Antibiotics Poor food choices like sugar and high fat
74
Good microbiota health controls some stress hormone levels.
Communicates with the brain via. the vagus nerve to control neurotransmitter release in the brain.

Psychology UNIT 3 and 4 (11 decks)

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