UNIT 3: AOS2: How Do People Learn And Remember?

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

A relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience

Question 2

Classical Conditioning

Answer 2

A form of learning that occurs through repeated association of two different stimuli to produce a naturally occurring response.
Learner is passive.
Learning through association

Question 3

Before Conditioning

Answer 3

1st Stage of classical conditioning, during which the neutral stimulus has no associatoins and does not produce any significant response.

Question 4

During Conditioning

Answer 4

2nd stage of classical conditioning, during which the neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned response

Question 5

After conditioning

Answer 5

3rd stage of classical conditioning, during which the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus, producing a conditioned response.

Question 6

Neutral Stimulus

Answer 6

The stimulus that produces no significant response prior to conditioning

E.g.Pavlovs doggy wogy the rnging of the bell

Question 7

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 7

The stimulus that produces an unconscious response

Question 8

Unconditioned Response

Answer 8

A naturally occuring behavior in response to a stimulus

e.g.Pavlov’s dog salivating

Question 9

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 9

Stimulus that produces a conditioned response after being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus

eg bell in pavlovas dog

Question 10

Observational Learning

Answer 10

Learning through watching

Question 11

Operant Conditioning

Answer 11

Learning process where the likelihood of a behavior occuring is determined by the consequences of that behavior

Question 12

Operant

Answer 12

A response that occurs on the environment to produce an effect behavior can be strengthened if the consequences are positive and weakened if they are negative

Question 13

Three Phases of Operant Conditioning

Answer 13

Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence

Question 14

Antecedent

Answer 14

Stimulus. Why did the behavior occur? Was there a trigger?

Question 15

Behaviour

Answer 15

The response, what did you do?

Question 16

Consequence

Answer 16

Sways or directs future behaviours

Question 17

Reinforcement

Answer 17

When desirable behaviour is encouraged with the view to strengthen it.

Question 18

Punishment

Answer 18

When undesirable behaviour is discouraged with a view to weakening

Question 19

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 19

Essential in the acquisition stage but not effective for maintaining meximum response rate.

Question 20

Partial reinforcement

Answer 20

Reinforcing after some responses
Used after the acquisition stage and responses and responses tend to be stronger

Question 21

Observational Learning

Answer 21

A type of social learning that occurs when a learner observes a model’s actions and their consequences to guide their future actions.

Question 22

In Observational learning,

Learner

Answer 22

The individual who oberves, remembers and initiates the actions of the model

Question 23

In Observational learning,

Model

Answer 23

The live, pre-recorded or symbolic person being observed.

Question 24

In Observational learning,

Attention Stage

Answer 24

The learner actively watches the model’s behaviour and the consequences

Question 25

# In Observational learning, Retention Stage

Answer 25

When the learner **stores and retains** a mental representation of the model's behaviour

Question 26

# In Observational learning, Repreduction Stage

Answer 26

The learner's **physical and mental capabilities enable them** to perform the behaviour

Question 27

# In Observational learning, Motivation

Answer 27

The learner's desire to perform the behaviour

Question 28

# In Observational learning, Reinforcement

Answer 28

Recieving a reward or desirable factor that increases the likelihood that the learner will reproduce the behaviour in the future

Question 29

Stages of Observational Learning.

Answer 29

Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation and Reinforcement

Question 30

Differences between Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning

Answer 30

CC is involuntary and unconscious. In CC, Learner is passive, and consequences are irrelevant and do not change the likeihood of a behaviours occurance.

Question 31

Similarities between Observational Learning and Operant Conditioning

Answer 31

Both Voluntary, and conscious. Both have active learner. Both have important consequences.

Question 32

Systems of Knowledge

Answer 32

Knowledge and skills are based on interconnected social, physical, and spiritual understandings. Inform survival and contribute to a strong sense of identity.

Question 33

Country

Answer 33

**Traditional lands of a particular language or cultural group**, including both geographical boundaries and the spiritual, emotional and intellectual connections to and within it.

Question 34

How is knowledge shared by Indigenous Australians?

Answer 34

Knowledge is embedded in Country, and shared across generations through oral narrative, symbols and imagery.

Question 35

8 Ways of Learning

Answer 35

Story sharing Learning Maps Non-Verbal Symbols and images Land Links Non Linear Deconstruct/Reconstruct Community Links

Question 36

Memory

Answer 36

Active processing system that **encodes, stores and recovers** information when required. -Consists of Sensory, Short Term and Long Term

Question 37

Information Processing Model

Answer 37

Encoding, Storage and Retrieval

Question 38

Encoding

Answer 38

Converting information into a useable form of storage

Question 39

Storage

Answer 39

Retaining information over time for future use

Question 40

Retrieval

Answer 40

Accessing previously stored information for use

Question 41

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of Memory

Answer 41

Sensory, Short Term, Long Term

Question 42

Sensory Memory Function

Answer 42

Holds information very briefly as an exact replica.

Question 43

Sensory Memory Capacity

Answer 43

Unlimited

Question 44

Sensory Memory Duration

Answer 44

0.2- 4 seconds

Question 45

Short Term Memory Function

Answer 45

We hold whatever we are paying attention to in our STM. First point where we try to add meaning and manipulate material in our consciousness.

Question 46

Short Term Memory Capacity

Answer 46

5-9 or 7+-2

Question 47

Short Term Memory Duration

Answer 47

18-30 Seconds

Question 48

Long Term Memory Function

Answer 48

Memory is converted into a meaningful form of storage so it can be kept and used whenever we retrieve it.

Question 49

Long Term Memory Capacity

Answer 49

Unlimted, as long as you can retrieve it.

Question 50

Long Term Memory Duration

Answer 50

Unlimited. Can take 30 mins to be consolidated.

Question 51

Types of Sensory Memory

Answer 51

Iconic, Echoic

Question 52

Iconic Memory

Answer 52

Information from eyes. 0.2-0.4 duration

Question 53

Echoic Memory

Answer 53

Information from ears. Duration is longer than iconic at 3-4 seconds

Question 54

How to increase the capacity of our short term memory?

Answer 54

Chunking

Question 55

How to increase the duration of our short term memory?

Answer 55

Rehearsal

Question 56

Types of Explicit Memory

Answer 56

Semantic Memory, Episodic Memory

Question 57

Types of Implicit Memory

Answer 57

Procedural Memory, Conditioned Emotional Response

Question 58

Semantic Memory

Answer 58

Explicit memory of fact or knowledge about the world

Question 59

Episodic Memory

Answer 59

Explicit memory of personally experienced events

Question 60

Procedural Memory

Answer 60

Knowledge of skills, habits, actions

Question 61

Conditioned Emotional Response

Answer 61

**Learned emotional response reaction** that occurs in response to a stimulus that you have formed an association

Question 62

Brain Regions that are involved in memory

Answer 62

Hippocampus, Amydala, Neocortex, Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum

Question 63

Hippocampus

Answer 63

**Encodes and stores** explicit memories

Question 64

Amygdala

Answer 64

**Encodes and Retrieves** Explicit emotional memories

Question 65

Neocortex

Answer 65

**Stores** explicit memories Influences attention to creating episodic memories

Question 66

Basal Ganglia

Answer 66

**Encodes and stores** implicit memories

Question 67

Cerebellum

Answer 67

**Encodes, co-ordinates and stores** implicit memories

Question 68

Alzheimer's Disease

Answer 68

Is a type of diementia characterised by gradual widespread degeneration of brain neurons, causing memory loss, a decline in cognitive and social skill and personalitity changes.

Question 69

Amyloid Plaques

Answer 69

Proteins that clump and collect between neurons and disrupt cell function

Question 70

Neurofibrillary Tangles

Answer 70

Abnormal accumulations of tau protein that collect inside neurons. Associated with the death of brain cells.

Question 71

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 71

The inability to retrieve previously stored episodic and semantic memories

Question 72

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 72

The inability to form new episodic and semantic memories

Question 73

Mnemonic Device

Answer 73

Any technique used for improving or enhacing memory

Question 74

Acronym

Answer 74

Are formed using a type of 'chunking' or grouping procedure. An abbreviation formed from the first letter of each word and pronouced as a single word.

Question 75

Acrostics

Answer 75

Involves making verbal associations for items to be remembered by constructing sentences, using the first letters of the information to be remembered.

Question 76

Method of Loci

Answer 76

A mnemonic system that **commits a familiar location or sequence of locations to memory, then visually links them with information** that needs to be recalled.

Question 77

Oral Culture

Answer 77

A culture in which information and **stories** are communicated by **word of mouth**

Question 78

Sung Narrative

Answer 78

A story told through singing, music and dance

Question 79

Dreaming

Answer 79

A guide to life and living; not just stories, is it art, songs; written into the land itself.

Question 80

Songline

Answer 80

One of many sung narratives of the landscape that weave across Country and enable every significant place in Aborginal Dreaming to be known.

Question 81

Story Sharing

Answer 81

**Where learning takes place through narrative and story-sharing** For example, sharing Dreaming stories to communicate complex knowledge relating to the natural world and survival.

Question 82

Non-Verbal

Answer 82

**Sharing knowledge through non-verbal means**, including dance, art, and observation. For example, **Traditional dance**s where the movements reflect the patterns of certain animals.

Question 83

Land Links

Answer 83

Where **learning and knowledge are inherently linked to nature, land, and Country**. For example, learning about photosynthesis from the plants rather than the book.