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BHSC 2203 - Patho > Unit 3 - Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Cardiovascular System Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 4 components of the circulatory system?

A
  1. Propulsive organ
  2. Arterial system
  3. Capillary beds
  4. Venous system
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2
Q

What is the function and property of the propulsive organ?

A
  • Forces blood around the body

- rhythmic contractions

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3
Q

What is the function and property of the arterial system?

A
  • Distributes blood and pressure reservoir

- Elastic vessels

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4
Q

What is the function and property of the capillary beds?

A
  • Transfer of materials btw circulation and tissues

- Thin walls

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5
Q

What is the funciton and property of the venous system?

A
  • Returns blood back to heart and volume reservoir

- compliant vessels

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6
Q

What happens to circulation if the venous system becomes MORE compliant?

A

Increase compliance of the veins = blood is going to pool in the veins and risk of blood clotting increases

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7
Q

Why does the heart have rhythmicity?

A

Result of electrical events in the heart (SA node)

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8
Q

Describe the steps of depolarization of the heart

A
  1. Slow Na+ inflow into the SA node (pacemaker potential)
  2. Fast Ca+2 inflow into the SA node (action potential)
  3. Fast K+ outflow (efflux and repolarization)
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9
Q

If there is 1 action potential (depolarization), how many heart contractions will there be?

A

1

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10
Q

Why is the duration of the action potential so long in the heart

A

The calcium channels remain open for a long period of time

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11
Q

Name the order of the conduction through the heart

A
  1. SA node
  2. AV node
  3. Right and left bundle branches
  4. Purkinje fibers
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12
Q

What does the P wave indicate?

A
  • SA node fires
  • Atrial depolarization
  • Atrial Systole
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13
Q

What does the QRS complex indicate?

A
  • AV node fires
  • Ventricular depolarization and systole
  • (Atrial re-polarization and diastole)
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14
Q

What does the T wave indicate?

A

Ventricular re-polarization

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15
Q

What are the 4 valves in the heart?

A
  1. Tricuspid valve
  2. Bicuspid valve
  3. Pulmonary valve
  4. Aortic valve
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16
Q

Which sides of the heart are the bi-cuspid and tri-cuspid valves located?

A 
Tri = right side
Bi = left side
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17
Q

Why do valves open and shut in the heart?

A

Because of pressure gradients between the chambers

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18
Q

If the ventricles are relaxed (during diastole), are the AV valves open or closed?

A

AV = open!

So that the ventricles can fill with blood

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19
Q

What do the S1 and S2 represent?

A 
S1 = closure of AV values
S2 = closure of semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic valves)
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20
Q

Where do you hear the AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE SOUND?

A

RIGHT side of the chest (between ribs 2-3)

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21
Q

Where do you hear the PULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVE SOUND?

A

LEFT side of the chest (between ribs 2-3)

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22
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output (CO)?

A

CO = Stroke volume (SV) x Heart Rate (HR)

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23
Q

What is the difference in the resting vs. exercise levels of cardiac output?

A 
Resting = 4-6 L/min
Exercising = 21-35 L/min
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24
Q

How is stroke volume calculated?

A

SV = EDV - ESV

difference between end diastolic volume and end systolic volume

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25
What are the 3 factors that govern stroke volume?
1. Preload 2. Afterload 3. Contractility
26
What is preload?
Amount of tension (stretch) in the ventricles before they contract
27
What happens to stroke volume as you increase pre-load?
Pre-load increases = Stroke volume increases
28
What does the Frank-Starling Law state?
The more you fill the heart, the more the heart will contract (otherwise you will have blood pooling in the heart)
29
What is the contractility of the heart?
Contraction force for a given pre-load
30
What happens to stroke volume as you increase contractility?
Contractility increases = Stroke volume increases
31
What are factors that increase contractility?
1. Hypercalcemia 2. Catecholamines ( E and NE) 3. Glucagon
32
What are factors that decrease contractility?
1. Hyperkalemia (K+) 2. Hypocalcemia 3. Hypoxia 4. Hypercapnia
33
Why is hyperkalemia so dangerous?
Excessive amounts of K+ makes it harder for the heart to depolarize = can stop the heart
34
What is afterload?
Pressure in the arteries above the semilunar valves | - pressure OPPOSES the OPENING OF THE VALVES
35
What happens to stroke volume if you increase afterload?
Increased afterload = DECREASED stroke volume
36
What happens to afterload if the semilunar valves are stiff?
Stiff valves will contribute to afterload
37
Why do the elderly have higher heart rates than young adults?
- increased afterload - arteries become more stiff - when afterload is higher, SV is lower, only was to MAINTAIN CARDIAC OUTPUT is to INCREASE HR
38
Why do athletes have very low heart rates?
Because their SV is SO HIGH | - their HR can be lower and still achieve adequate CO
39
What is the formula for mean arterial pressures (MAP)?
MAP = CO x TPR | cardiac output x total peripheral resistance
40
If we have a high blood pressure, what can we do about it?
- decrease CO - decrease TPR - decrease both
41
How can we decrease EDV?
Using a diuretic
42
What is peripheral resistance influenced by?
1. Blood viscosity (decreases with anemia and hypoproteinemia) 2. Vessel radius
43
What will Sickle Cell Anemia do to blood viscosity? (Increase or decrease)
Sickle cell anemia forms small clots in the blood which actually INCREASES the viscosity of the blood
44
What is the most power influence over total peripheral resistance?
Vessel radius | - most adjustable
45
What happens to total peripheral resistance when blood wall tension increases?
Vessel radius decreases, and TPR increases
46
What happens to total peripheral resistance when the sympathetic stimulation decreases?
Wall tension decreases and vessel radius increases
47
What are the 3 determinants of blood flow?
1. Viscosity and velocity (of blood) 2. Vessel radius 3. Vessel elasticity
48
What is the difference between velocity and flow?
Velocity = cm/sec Flow = mL/sec (a mL is a cubic cm)
49
What is the formula for flow?
FLOW = VELOCITY x cross-sectional area (of the vessel)
50
What is the relationship between flow and blood pressure?
When you decrease peripheral resistance, the cross-sectional area of the vessel increases --> increases flow. When the cross-sectional area increases, peripheral resistance is decreased. THEREFORE, WHEN FLOW INCREASES, BLOOD PRESSURE DECREASES
51
Describe the metabolic theory of autoregulation.
When a tissue is inadequately perfused, wastes accumulate. These wastes stimulate vasodilation locally.
52
What do baroreceptors detect?
Stretch in the arteries | resulting from BP
53
What happens if the vasomotor center is inhibited?
- Less contraction of blood vessel walls - Reduced sympathetic tone = less NE released - Reduced vasomotor tone = results in vasodilation
54
What happens if the caridoinhibitory center is stimulated?
Slows down the heart when it is stimulated - decrease HR = decreased CO - decreased CO = decreased BP
55
What are the two pathways that neural control of BP occurs?
1. Vasomotor center 2. Cardioinhibitory center - both result from baroreceptors increasing their firing
56
Does neural control of BP happen slowly or quickly?
QUICKLY!
57
Describe the system that is triggered when the kidneys sense a low BP.
1. Kidneys release renin 2. Renin activates angiotensinogen I 3. ACE (converting enzyme in lungs) converts angiotensinogen I to II. 4. Angiotensinogen II is a VERY POTENT vasocontrictor. 5. Increases BP
58
What happens when aldosterone is released into the system?
Promotes Na+ re-absorption (water follows Na+) | - increases blood volume and therefore, BP
59
What happens to BP when E and NE are released into the body?
Constrict blood vessels (most) | - DILATE blood vessels in skeletal and cardiac muscle
60
Where is the blood flowing when the body is at rest?
- Digestion (27%) - Renal system (22%) - Muscular (20%)
61
Where is the blood flowing during exercise?
- Muscular (71%) | - Cutaneous (11%)
62
What is the capacity of total blood volume of the capillaries?
14%
63
What is the actual blood volume of the capillaries?
5-7%
64
What accounts for the difference between the actual and total capacity of total blood volume in the capillaries?
Capillaries are NOT always open | - if capillaries don't need blood, they close
65
What forces materials into the cells and out of the blood vessels?
Higher pressure on arterial side as opposed to venous side
66
What are the mechanisms that help with venous return?
1. Venous pressure 2. Gravity (from head and neck) 3. Skeletal muscle pump 4. Thoracic pump (diaphragm)
67
Explain the effect of the thoracic pump on venous return.
When the diaphragm contracts, it move downward - decreased pressure in the area of the heart = draws blood into the heart When the diaphragm relaxes, it moves upward - increased pressure = pushes blood out of the heart area
68
How does exercise increase venous return?
- heart beats faster, increase CO and BP - vessels of skeletal muscles, lungs and heart dilate = increase flow - increase RR, increase action of thoracic pump - increase skeletal muscle pump

BHSC 2203 - Patho (13 decks)

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