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Unit 3/4 Geography 2024 > Unit 3- Changing the Land > Flashcards

Unit 3- Changing the Land Flashcards

1
Q

Def land cover

A

The observed biophysical cover on the Earth’s surface, including natural biophysical features of ice, vegetation, water, bare rock and soil, and additions made by human activity such as agriculture, urban and industrial landscapes

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2
Q

Def land use

A

Characterized by the arrangements, inputs and activities people undertake in a certain land cover type to produce, change or maintain it.

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3
Q

8 types of land cover

A

-Cultivated or managed
- Natural and semi-natural vegetation
-Cultivated aquatic or regularly flooded areas
- Natural and semi-natural aquatic land cover or regularly flooded vegetation areas
- Artificial surfaces and associated areas
- Bare areas
-Artificial water bodies, snow and ice
- Natural water bodies, snow and ice

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4
Q

LCT- Cultivated and managed

A
  • ppl removed natural vegetation and replaced it with another type of vegetation
  • further human activity needed to sustain land
  • e.g. wheat farms, oil palm plantations
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5
Q

LCT- Natural and semi-natural vegetation

A
  • Natural: interconnection b/w climate, soils, hydrology, landforms, animal and plant life
  • Semi-natural: influenced by human activity e.g. grasslands for grazing, secondary forests
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6
Q

LCT- Cultivated aquatic or regularly-flooded areas

A
  • Aquatic crop that is purposely planted, cultivated and harvested
  • require continuous watering
  • e.g. Wet-rice fields in Myanmar
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7
Q

LCT- Natural and semi-natural aquatic land cover or regularly flooded vegetation areas

A
  • Vegetation adapted to water, close to or on surface of land
  • Mangroves, wetlands, estuaries
  • e.g Victoria’s Barmah National Park
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8
Q

LCT- Artificial surfaces and associated areas

A
  • Natural land replaced with variety of constructed surfaces
  • e.g. buildings, cities, roads, ports, airports
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9
Q

LCT- Bare areas

A

-Less than 4% vegetation cover
- Saltpans, coastlines of bare rock and sand, deserts
e.g. Sahara Desert

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10
Q

LCT- Artificial water bodies, snow and ice

A
  • Dams on rivers form reservoirs of water
  • Artificial water bodies e.g. man-made lakes
    e.g. Lake Nesser in Egypt off the Nile River
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11
Q

LCT- Natural water bodies, snow and ice

A
  • water has naturally accumulated
  • lakes, oceans, snow, glaciers, ice caps and sheets where it is cold enough
  • e.g. Caspian Lake in Asia
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12
Q

4 natural processes that change land cover

A

Climate change
Geophysical changes
Plant succession
Fires and pests

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13
Q

Impacts of climate change

A

-Rising temps by at least 1.5 degrees by the end of century
-Decreased snow and ice cover
-Rising sea levels
-Longer fire seasons
-More extreme weather e.g. droughts, floods, hurricans
-Desertification
-Losses to biodiversity and ag

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14
Q

Def. plant succession

A

The directional non-seasonal cumulative change in the types of plant species that occupy a given area through time. Involves the processes of colonization, establishment, and extinction which act upon the participating land species.

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15
Q

How do ice ages change land cover?

A

-More snow and ice
-Drier and cooler conditions> more desert and semi-desert areas
-Lower sea levels

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16
Q

Human activities changing land cover (3)

A

Population dynamics
Policies
Technologies

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17
Q

Population dynamics key points

A

-rapid growth in last 300 years
- land surfaces have become areas used for housing, production and recreation
- land cleared of nat vegetation for cropping and grazing
- rural to urban migration

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18
Q

What percentage of people live in urban areas?

A

50-55%

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19
Q

Technologies key points

A
  • allows for rapid, large-scale chnages to land cover
  • e.g. dam building, water diversion schemes
  • creation of toxic and non-biodegradable substances
  • machinery can clear large amounts of vegetation
  • mineral-deficient soils can be made suitable
  • hybrid or GMO plants can be made to withstand hostile environments
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20
Q

Policies key points

A
  • economic policies influence market prices, imports, exports, wages and tax levels
  • incentives can promote logging and development
  • policies can protect existing land cover e.g. against deforest
  • allocations and diversions of water
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21
Q

Cryosphere def.

A

The frozen water part of the Earth system.

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22
Q

6 main categories of glaciers and ice sheets

A

Sea ice
Land covered by glaciers
Land covered by ice sheets, including ice shelves
Land such as tundra covered by snow every winter
Land underlain by permafrost
Peri-glacial zones on the margins of ice-bound land

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23
Q

Tundra def.

A

Type of biome where tree growth is hindered by frigid temperatures and short growing seasons

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24
Q

Permafrost def.

A

Permanently frozen layer on or under Earth’s surface. It consists of soil, gravel or sand usually bound together by ice.

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25
Q

Peri-glacial zones

A

The periglacial environment is a cold climate, frequently marginal to the glacial environment, and is characteristically subject to intense cycles of freezing and thawing of superficial sediments.

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26
Q

Glacial retreat def.

A

The rate of ablation exceeds the rate of glacial accumulation

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27
Q

Terminus def

A

Where glacier ice starts to melt

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28
Q

Ablation def

A

The process of melting ice on a glacier

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29
Q

Glacier mass balance def.

A

The gain and loss of ice from the glacier system.

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30
Q

Glacier def

A

A body of ice formed on land and in motion, confined by terrain, usually valleys

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31
Q

Ice sheet def

A

Vast masses of ice that bury tracts of land beneath them and which are not confined to valleys.

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32
Q

Last glacial maximum def.

A

17000 to 21000 years ago, temperatures were 6 degrees cooler, most liquid water was held in ice caps, sea levels were 125m lower and there were land bridges between landmasses. Dry period

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33
Q

Holocene climatic optimum def.

A

Deglaciation following the LGM, a period between 9000 and 5000 years ago when global were warmer than today, the climate was wetter, sea-levels higher and coasts further inland.

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34
Q

4 Natural processes causing the melting of glaciers and ice sheets

A

Variations in solar energy
Ocean circulation changes
Volcanic activity
Plate tectonics

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35
Q

Variations in solar energy

A

Solar energy received by Earth is not constant. Earth is sometimes closer to the Sun and sometimes further away ( according to 3 independent cycles every 26000, 41000 and 100000 years) called the Milankovitch cycles

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36
Q

Ocean circulation changes

A

Changing ocean currents have an impact on the exchange of heat b/w oceans and atmosphere. Leads to a warming or cooling effect. e.g. ENSO system

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37
Q

Volcanic activity

A

Short-term impacts. Both warming and cooling can occur. Warming: pollutants settling on ice, decreasing albedo, trapping greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Cooling: Less heat absorbed from atmosphere as sunlight is blocked.

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38
Q

Plate tectonics

A

Long-term impacts. Movement of continents change oceanic and atmospheric circulation patterns. Colliding plates can also form volcanoes and mountains e.g. Himalayas

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39
Q

Natural sources of CO2

A

Life
Ocean absorption and dissolution
Volcanic emissions

40
Q

Political measures to address emissions

A

Transport revolution (more bikes, less cars, more electric vehicles)
Improved agriculture (more efficient agriculture and less livestock)
Phase out fossil fuels
Saving energy

41
Q

7 impacts of melting glaciers and ice sheets

A

Sea level rise
People movement
Agricultural output
Freshwater resources
Plant and animal communities
Disease
Natural disasters

42
Q

Greenland location

A

Far Northern Hemisphere in the arctic circle. Neighbors Denmark, Iceland, and Canada. geologically part of the North American continent

43
Q

Greenland Ice sheet

A

Area of 1.7 million km 2
Reaches 3000m above sea level
11% of world’s freshwater supply

44
Q

Melting of Greenland Ice Sheet

A

From 1992 to 2018, the ice sheet has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice. Melting is attributed to the deposition of cryoconite and increased average temperatures.

45
Q

Impact of glacier melt: Sea level rise

A

Sea levels predicted to rise by 20-60cm by 2100
Due to the thermal expansion of water, as well as melting ice
Changes to rate of heat absorption and ice is more reflective than water
Reduction of available land.

46
Q

Impact of glacier melt: People movement

A

Impacts on Indigenous culture and way of life
Less food
Homes lost due to sea level rise
Increasing number of climate refugees e.g. South Pacific

47
Q

Impact of glacier melt: Agricultural Output

A

Water resources become unreliable, crop failures increase.
Decreased food supply and security
Reduction in crop yields by 30% by 2050 according to UN

48
Q

Impact of glacier melt: Freshwater resources

A

Glaciers store about 75% of freshwater
Increased melting can lead to flooding and rising river levels
Meltwater is eventually lost to the sea, becoming salty
Unreliable water sources

49
Q

Impact of glacier melt: Plant and animal communities

A

Loss of ice leads to changes in temperature, migration patterns, altitude, and reproduction
Whole ecosystems impacted
Species loss and extinction

50
Q

Impact of glacier melt: Disease

A

Diseases and disease carries will expand their spread as climate warms

51
Q

Impact of glacier melt: Natural disasters

A

Increased flooding

52
Q

Location of Greenland

A

Neighbours to Canada, Denmark and Iceland
Part of the North American Continent
Located between the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans
B/w 60 and 83 degrees north of the equator re. latitude

53
Q

What is the area of the Greenland Ice sheet?

A

1.7 million km squared

54
Q

What is the highest elevation of the Greenland ice sheet?

A

3000m above sea level

55
Q

What percentage of world’s freshwater is stored in Greenland ice sheet?

A

11%

56
Q

From 1992 to 2018, how much ice was lost from the Greenland ice sheet? How much did average annual surface averagetemps increase by?

A

3.8 trillion tonnes
2.8 degrees

57
Q

3 factors accelerating the melting of the Greenland ice sheet

A
  1. Surface melting
  2. Moulins
  3. Sea ice shelves melting
58
Q

Surface melting of Greenland Ice sheet

A

Melting due to warmer temps can reveal dirty (dark) ice which lowers albedo

59
Q

Impacts of moulin formation on Greenland Ice sheet

A

Moulins (vertical, roughly circular shafts of ice through which water enters) can lubricate and accelerate flow of glaciers towards coast

60
Q

Sea ice shelves melting

A

Warmer oceans melt the underside of sea ice shelves

61
Q

Positive Economic impacts of melting- Greenland ice sheet

A

Increase in fishing profits as fish migrate north e.g. cod, mackerel
Minerals are being exposed for mining e.g. zinc, copper, gold
Increase in tourism profits
Glacial sand deposits can be extracted and exported to make a profit
Shorter, more efficient trade routes in the Arctic due to less sea ice

62
Q

Negative Economic impacts of melting- Greenland ice sheet

A

Move form hunting to fishing is very expensive as equipment needs to be purchased, infrastructure built, people trained
Expensive and extensive damage to infrastructure due to melting permafrost and glacial melt

63
Q

Positive social impacts of melting glaciers in Greenland

A

Greenlanders can buy local produce, fresh fruit and veg
Increase in available farming land/ extension of growing season
Archeological relics being uncovered
More land for ecotourism

64
Q

Negative social impacts of melting Greenland ice

A

Decreased hunting opportunities due to thinner ice
Ppl require retraining in jobs
Locals experiencing pollution from mining and heavy industry
Damage to homes from melting permafrost

65
Q

Positive environmental impacts of melting Greenland ice

A

Growing season has expanded by 3 weeks
Increased fish yields e.g cod, herring
Nutritious water added to oceans and rivers from melting

66
Q

Negative environmental impacts of melting Greenland ice

A

Droughts in 2015, 2016 and wildfires in 2017
Potential for 7 meters of sea level rise
Extreme fluctuations in climate
30 billion tons of ice lost every year
Pollution from mining and heavy industry
Increased fresh, cold water in Atlantic ocean could lead to breakdown of circulation systems.

67
Q

What is spatial technology

A

Any technology that considers space, place or location in order to determine an object’s position on the Earth’s surface using latitude, longitude or altitude

68
Q

3 types of spatial tech

A

GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System
GIS (geographic Information System)
Remote sensing

69
Q

GNSS

A

24 satellites circle the Earth
Identify an exact location on Earth
System can determine a user’s position, speed, bearing, track, distance, distance to destination
Also called Global Positioning Systems (GPS)

70
Q

GIS

A

o Most common spatial technology
o Layers of information on a map which can be turned on or off
o E.g. Google Earth

71
Q

Remote sensing

A

o Data collected above the Earth from space or by an aircraft and includes satellite images and aerial photographs
o Passive or active
o Can be used for hazard management, oceans, and the atmosphere, measuring ice melt of glaciers.
o A process of measurement or acquisition of info of some property or some object or phenomena by a recording device that is not in physical contact with the object under study

72
Q

What is Cryosat 2?

A

A form of remote sensing used to measure ice loss and melt in Greenland
Satellite measures the distance between the surface of the ice and the satellite
Laser or radar altimetry

73
Q

Local response to melting ice in Greenland

A

Ilulissat Hydropower

74
Q

National response to melting ice in Greenland

A

Imporving agricultural practice and production in Greenland

75
Q

Global response to melting ice in greenland

A

The Paris Agreement

76
Q

When was Ilulissat Hydropower implemented and by which companies?

A

Finished in 2013
Tucon (tunnelling)
Istak
ABB

77
Q

Aims and reasons for Ilulissat Hydropower

A

To reduce the community’s dependence on fossil fuels, especially diesel (which is expensive and highly polluting)
Increase the use of renewable energy
Use a resource that is already available

78
Q

Strengths of Ilulissat Hydropower

A

Renewable energy use increases
Replaces diesel generators
Utilizes a resource they already have (meltwater)
Saves 25000 tonnes of CO2 emissions annually
Generates power for 16000 households

79
Q

Weaknesses of Ilulissat Hydropower

A

Very difficult to access, so construction and maintenance is difficult
In case of faults, diesel generators has to be restarted which is costly and inconvenient
The glacier is a world heritage site so there are many rules and regulations

80
Q

Opportunities for Ilulissat hydropower

A

Opportunity to expand renewable energy use (currently 70% of energy)

81
Q

Threats to Illulissat Hydropower

A

Built on permafrost which could melt and compromise structural integrity

82
Q

When was the national response to melting ice implemented? Location

A

Early 2000s onwards
Farming occurs in the South of Greenland

83
Q

Reasons for the national response to melting ice

A

Growing season has expanded by 3 weeks
Increased temperatures
More land available
Long transport routes are expensive and impact the freshness of food

84
Q

Aims of the national response to melting ice

A

To help Greenland become 50% self-sufficient regarding food, increase food security

85
Q

Main features of national response

A

A greater variety of crops e.g. potatoes, turnips, strawberries
Introduce dairy cattle
Increased gastro tourism and food delicacies
Increase national sheep flock size (currently 50000)
Agricultural research

86
Q

Strengths of national response

A

More fresh food available for locals
Reduction in GHG emissions from transport
Increased self-sufficiency, greater independence from Denmark

87
Q

Weaknesses of national response

A

Droughts and bushfires are becoming more frequent
Transport is difficult due to bc of lack of roads and sea ice
Less rain means less pasture and food for sheep (in 2014 it was reported that sheep were 2-4 pounds lighter than average )

88
Q

Opportunities for national response

A

Food security for Greenlanders

89
Q

Threats to national response

A

Unpredictable climate so hard to plan crops
Droughts and bushfires

90
Q

When was the Paris Agreement implemented and by who?

A

4th Nov 2016
194 countries (UNFCCC) plus the EU

91
Q

Reasons and aims of the Paris Agreement

A

Limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius
Reduce use of fossil fuels
Reduce sea level rise and mitigate effects of climate change

92
Q

How does the Paris Agreement work?

A

Regularly monitor collective progress towards goals
Each country has individual targets (Nationally Determined Contributions)
Provide financing to countries to help them mitigate and adapt to climate change
Legally-binding international treaty

93
Q

Strengths of the Paris Agreement

A

International collaborative approach
Encourages countries such as Japan, China and the EU to embrace net zero and carbon neutrality goals

94
Q

Weaknesses of the Paris Agreement

A

Relies on voluntary compliance
Goals not considered ambitious/ rigorous enough
The agreement does not protect those most vulnerable to climate change e.g Pacific Island States

95
Q

Opportunities for the Paris Agreement

A

Targets are regularly reviewed and can bceome more ambitious and rigorous

96
Q

Threats to the Paris Agreement

A

Highly influenced by politics, so may face opposition or inaction

Unit 3/4 Geography 2024 (7 decks)

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