Unit 3: Cultural Patterns and Processes

Question 1

the process of a less-dominant culture adopting traits of a more influential one

Answer 1

acculturation

Question 2

belief that objects or natural events have a discrete spirit and conscious life

Answer 2

animism

Question 3

concrete human creations

Answer 3

artifacts

Question 4

the dominant culture completely absorbs the less-dominant one

Answer 4

assimilation

Question 5

Religion founded on belief that Husayn ‘Ali Nuri was the prophet and messenger of faith (rather than Muhammad)

Answer 5

Baha’i

Question 6

actions that people take

Answer 6

behaviors

Question 7

specific statements that people hold to be true; based on values

Answer 7

beliefs

Question 8

ability to communicate in two languages

Answer 8

bilingualism

Question 9

world’s third biggest religion

Answer 9

Buddhism

Question 10

a system of thought and behavior originating in ancient China described as tradition, a philosophy, a humanistic or rationalistic religion, a way of governing, or a way of life

Answer 10

Confucianism

Question 11

the rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population

Answer 11

contagious diffusion

Question 12

a pidgin that has become the first language of a group of speakers

Answer 12

creole

Question 13

belief that human culture is more important than the physical environment in shaping human action

Answer 13

cultural determinism

Question 14

the process by which material and non-material culture spreads to areas around a place

Answer 14

cultural diffusion

Question 15

studies the relationship between the natural environment and culture

Answer 15

cultural ecology

Question 16

the transformation of land and the ways that humans interact with the environment

Answer 16

cultural geography

Question 17

areas where civilizations first began that radiated the customs, innovations, and idealologies that culturally transformed the world

Answer 17

cultural hearths

Question 18

modification of natural landscape by a cultural group

Answer 18

cultural landscape

Question 19

the practive of evaluating a culture by its own standards

Answer 19

cultural relativism

Question 20

the process by which one generation passes culture to the next

Answer 20

cultural transmission

Question 21

consists of common values, beliefs, behaviors, and artifacts that make a group in an area distinct from others

Answer 21

culture complex

Question 22

an area marked by culture that distinguishes it from other regions; consists of countless culture traits

Answer 22

culture region

Question 23

a group of interconnected culture complexes

Answer 23

culture system

Question 24

a single attribute of culture

Answer 24

culture trait

Question 25

Chinese religion that emphasizes living in harmony with the Dao

Answer 25

Daoism

Question 26

a regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation

Answer 26

dialect

Question 27

dispersions of Jewish people living outside of Israel

Answer 27

diasporas

Question 28

As human beings, we define most objects as ordinary, but we define some things are extraordinary, inspiring a sense of awe and reverence.

Answer 28

Durkheim's sacred and profane

Question 29

make up 12% of world's Christians

Answer 29

Eastern Orthadox

Question 30

belief that the physical environment actively shapes cultures; human responses are molded by the environment

Answer 30

environmental determinism

Question 31

appeal to one group of people in one place in the world

Answer 31

ethnic religion

Question 32

the practive of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture

Answer 32

ethnocentrism

Question 33

language no longer used by anyone in the world

Answer 33

extinct language

Question 34

culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups

Answer 34

folk culture

Question 35

different elements of the traditional lifestyle or the way of living of the people of that particular area

Answer 35

folk culture region

Question 36

the way of life of a rural or traditional community

Answer 36

folk life

Question 37

a culture system that intertwines with its locational and environmental circumstances

Answer 37

geographic region

Question 38

a swedish geographer known for his work on migration, cultural diffusion and time geography

Answer 38

Torste Hagerstrand

Question 39

stimulates imitative behavior within a population

Answer 39

hierarchal diffusion

Question 40

major world religion originating on the Indian subcontinent and comprising several and varied systems of philosophy, belief, and ritual

Answer 40

Hinduism

Question 41

emphasizes ability of humans to guide their own lives

Answer 41

humanism

Question 42

developments that can be traced back to a specific civilization

Answer 42

independent inventions

Question 43

the most common language family, spoken by half of the world's population; includes English, Spanish, Hindi, Portuguese, Bengali, Russian, German, Marathi, French, Italian, Punjabi, and Urdu

Answer 43

Indo-European language family

Question 44

Second largest religion; predominant in the middle east

Answer 44

Islam

Question 45

boundary within which particular words are used

Answer 45

isogloss

Question 46

an Abrahamic, monotheistic, and ethnic religion comprising the collective religious, cultural, and legal tradition and civilization of the Jewish people

Answer 46

Judaism

Question 47

a syatematic means of communicating ideas and feelings through the use of signs, gestures, marks, or vocal sounds

Answer 47

language

Question 48

groupings of languages with shared, but distant origins

Answer 48

language families

Question 49

smaller categories of languages within a family; ex: romance languages

Answer 49

language sub-family

Question 50

an established language that comes to be spoken and understood over a large area

Answer 50

lingua franca

Question 51

a condition in which many languages are spoken by a small number of people

Answer 51

linguistic fragmentation

Question 52

study of speech areas and their local variations by mapping word choices, pronunciations, or grammatical constructions

Answer 52

linguistic geography

Question 53

50% if Buddhists; incorporates ideas and gods from other religions

Answer 53

Mahayana

Question 54

transformed communism into a central ideology

Answer 54

Marxism

Question 55

includes a wide range of concrete human creations called artifacts that reflect values, beliefs, and behaviors

Answer 55

material culture

Question 56

spread of cultural traits is slow enough that they weaken in the area of origin by the time they reach other areas

Answer 56

migrant diffusion

Question 57

religion that follows one leader/god

Answer 57

monotheistic religion

Question 58

ability to communicate in more than two languages

Answer 58

multilingualism

Question 59

consists of abstract concepts of values, beliefs and behaviors

Answer 59

non-material culture

Question 60

rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members

Answer 60

norms

Question 61

language endorsed and recognized by the government as one that everyone shouldf know and use

Answer 61

official language

Question 62

a mix of languages that borrows words from severak

Answer 62

pidgin

Question 63

set of practices, beliefs, artistic output and objects that are dominant or prevalent in a society at a given point in time

Answer 63

popular culture

Question 64

make up 18% of the world's Christians; split from Catholic Church in 16th century

Answer 64

Protestants

Question 65

the notion that part of a person's identity is rooted not only in the country but also in the region in which they live

Answer 65

regional identity

Question 66

large and basic divisions within a religion

Answer 66

branch

Question 67

divisions of religious branches that unite local groups in a single administrative body

Answer 67

denomination

Question 68

small religious groups that don't affiliate with the more mainstream denominations

Answer 68

sect

Question 69

individuals or populations migrating from sourcec areas physically carry the innovation or idea to new areas

Answer 69

relocation diffusion

Question 70

make up 50% of the world's Christians; concentrated in Latin America, French Canada, Central Africa, and Southern and Eastern Europe

Answer 70

Roman Catholics

Question 71

American geographer who was an authority on desert studies, tropical areas, the human geography of American Indians, and agriculture and native crops of the New World.

Answer 71

Carl Sauer

Question 72

Shamanism is a religious practice that involves a practitioner (shaman) interacting with the spirit world through altered states of consciousness, such as trance

Answer 72

shamanism

Question 73

make up only 16% of Muslims

Answer 73

Shiite

Question 74

Religion that stresses continual improvement and movement toward perfection by taking individual responsibility

Answer 74

Sikhism

Question 75

language recognized by the government and the intellectual elite as the norm for use in schools, government, media, and other aspects of public life

Answer 75

standard language

Question 76

when an element of culture changes as it spreads to new areas

Answer 76

stimulus diffusion

Question 77

largest branch of Islam: 83%

Answer 77

Sunni

Question 78

landscape that has significant meaning beyond what it simply looks like due to cultural associations

Answer 78

symbolic landscape

Question 79

used to represent geographic phenomena

Answer 79

symbols

Question 80

the process of fusion of old and new

Answer 80

syncretism

Question 81

6% of Buddhists; emphasizes magic and meditation

Answer 81

Tantrayana

Question 82

38% of buddhists; adheres to the original teachings of the Buddha

Answer 82

Theraveda

Question 83

the influence of cultural traits weakens as time and distance increase

Answer 83

time-distance decay

Question 84

study of place names

Answer 84

toponymy

Question 85

a religion or belief associated with a particular ethnic group

Answer 85

traditional religion

Question 86

two-way flows of culture reflect an equal exchange of cultural traits

Answer 86

transculturation

Question 87

religion global in its appeal to people all over the world; ex: Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism

Answer 87

universalizing religion