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AP Human Geography > Unit 5: Agriculture: Primary Economic Activities > Flashcards

Unit 5: Agriculture: Primary Economic Activities Flashcards

1
Q

agribusiness

A

Farming engaged in as a large-scale business operation embracing the production, processing, and distribution of agricultural products and the manufacture of farm machinery, equipment, and supplies

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2
Q

agricultural hearths

A

areas from where the origins of agricultural ideas and innovation began and spread

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3
Q

agriculture

A

The raising of animals or the growing of crops on tended land to obtain food for primary consumption by a farmer’s family or for sale off the farm

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4
Q

biotechnology

A

the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms, cells, parts thereof and molecular analogues for products and services

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5
Q

cereal grains

A

grass yielding grain for food (oats, wheat, rye, barley)

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5
Q

Columbian Exchange

A

Movement of plants and animals from each side of the Atlantic Ocean back to the other

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6
Q

commercial agriculture

A

the production of crops for sale and is designed to produce crops for widespread distribution (supermarkets), larger markets, and exports

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7
Q

desertification

A

Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting

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8
Q

dispersed settlement pattern

A

used to classify rural settlements, homes range from a scattered to an isolated pattern

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9
Q

enclosure

A

The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century

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10
Q

erosion

A

removal of surface material from Earth’s crust, primarily soil and rock debris, and the transportation of the eroded materials by natural agencies (such as water or wind

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11
Q

extensive agriculture

A

small inputs of labor/money relative to the size of the farmland

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12
Q

extensive subsistence agriculture

A

a vast expanse of land is cultivated to yield minimal output of crops and animals for the primary consumption of the grower’s family

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13
Q

Green Revolution

A

a response to an exponential increase in the global human population and advances in technology that allowed for the mass production of chemical fertilizers

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14
Q

hamlet

A

a settlement which is too small to be considered a town or village

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15
Q

village

A

a group of houses and associated buildings, larger than a hamlet and smaller than a town, situated in a rural area

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16
Q

horticulture

A

The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers

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17
Q

hunters and gatherers

A

people who depend largely on food collection or foraging for wild resources

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18
Q

industrial agriculture

A

large-scale, intensive production of crops and animals, often involving chemical fertilizers on crops or the routine, harmful use of antibiotics in animals

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19
Q

intensive agriculture

A

large amounts of labor and capital are used to produce high yields of crops

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20
Q

intensive substinence agriculture

A

a method of agriculture where farmers get more food per acre compared to other subsistence farming methods

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21
Q

irrigation

A

a man-made system whereby water is spread from its natural source (such as a lake or river) over a much larger geographic range to aid in agricultural production

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22
Q

job specialization

A

a process in which employees develop specific skills, experience and knowledge in a particular area in order to gain the expertise required to perform certain aspects of a job

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23
Q

labor intensive agriculture

A

large inputs of labor/money relative to the size of the farmland

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24
Q

location theory

A

addresses the questions of what economic activities are located where and why

25
Q

long-lot survey system

A

divides the land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals

26
Q

Mediterranean agriculture

A

agriculture done in those regions which are having Mediterranean type of climate; it is a mixture of diverse bio-cultural activities that has developed in five major world regions

27
Q

mercantilism

A

economic policy that forces colonies to sell their raw materials for low prices and then buy them back from the mother country for high prices

28
Q

metes and bounds

A

system uses physical features of local geography along with directions and distances to define and describe boundaries of land parcels

29
Q

milkshed

A

The ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling

30
Q

mixed crop and livestock farming

A

crops like soybeans and corn are grown to fatten up livestock so that the farmers can send the livestock to slaughterhouses and make money

31
Q

Neolithic Revolution

A

led to masses of people establishing permanent settlements supported by farming and agriculture

32
Q

nomadism

A

a member of a people having no permanent abode, and who travel from place to place to find fresh pasture for their livestock

33
Q

nucleated settlement pattern

A

buildings grouped around a central location

34
Q

organic agriculture

A

use of natural methods to promote plant growth and control pests, without the use of synthetic chemicals or genetically modified organisms

35
Q

pampas

A

extensive lowland plains of South America

36
Q

pastoral nomadism

A

Herding of domestic animals in dry, arid climates

37
Q

patriarchal system

A

men controlled the holding power in the family, the economy, and the government

38
Q

plantation farming

A

production of one or more usually cash crops on a large swathe of land

39
Q

post-industrial societies

A

societies whose economic system is engaged primarily in the processing and control of information

40
Q

primary sector

A

The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth’s surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry

41
Q

primogeniture

A

the eldest son, or in some rare cases daughter, inherits all of the deceased parents’ land

42
Q

quaternary sector

A

the industry based on human knowledge which involves technology, information, financial planning, research, and development

43
Q

rectangular survey system

A

the Public Land Survey, the system was used by the US Land Office Survey to parcel land west of the Appalachian Mountains

44
Q

Second Agricultural Revolution

A

A series of inventions and reforms starting in England in the 1600s that caused a massive increase in agricultural productivity

45
Q

secondary sector

A

revolves around manufacturing; transforms natural resources into artificial resources

46
Q

seed agriculture

A

the reproduction of plants by using seeds

47
Q

seed drill

A

a device used in agriculture that sows seeds for crops by positioning them in the soil and burying them to a specific depth while being dragged by a tractor

48
Q

shifting cultivation

A

the practice of farming by clearing land for farming by slashing vegetation and burning debris

49
Q

specialization

A

the separation of tasks within a system

50
Q

substinence agriculture

A

involves food production mainly for the family

51
Q

tertiary sector

A

service industry

52
Q

Third Agricultural Revolution

A

involved hybridization and genetic engineering of products and the increased use of pesticides and fertilizers

53
Q

truck farming

A

the production of crops of some vegetables on an extensive scale in regions especially suited to their culture primarily for shipment to distant markets

54
Q

vegetative planting

A

reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants, such as cutting stems and dividing roots

55
Q

von Thunen’s model

A

aims to explain the spatial organization of agriculture and how it is influenced by transportation costs

56
Q

wattle

A

a fabrication of poles interwoven with slender branches, withes, or reeds and used especially formerly in building

57
Q

wet (lowland) rice

A

Practice of planting rice on dry land or in a nursery and then moving seeding to flooded fields to grow

58
Q

winter wheat area

A

wheat that is sown in autumn and ripens the following spring or summe

59
Q

spring wheat area

A

wheat that is sown in the spring and harvested in late summer or fall

AP Human Geography (3 decks)

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