Unit 3: Culture

Question 1

culture

Answer 1

the beliefs, values, practices, behaviors, and technologies shared by a society and passed down from generation to generation

Question 2

cultural trait

Answer 2

a shared object or cultural practice

Question 3

artifacts

Answer 3

a visible object or technology that a culture creates

Question 4

sociofacts

Answer 4

a structure or organization of a culture that influences social behavior

Question 5

mentifacts

Answer 5

a central, enduring element of a culture that reflects its shared ideas, values, knowledge, and beliefs

Question 6

socially constructed

Answer 6

created jointly by people rather than an individual

Question 7

popular culture

Answer 7

the widespread behaviors, beliefs, and practices of ordinary people in society at a given point in time

Question 8

traditional culture

Answer 8

the long-established behaviors, beliefs, and practices passed down from generation to generation

Question 9

cultural norms

Answer 9

a shared standard or pattern that guides the behavior of a group of people

Question 10

ethnocentrism

Answer 10

the tendency of ethnic groups to evaluate other groups according to preconceived ideas originating from their own culture

Question 11

cultural relativism

Answer 11

the evaluation of a culture by its own standards

Question 12

cultural landscape

Answer 12

a natural landscape that has been modified by humans, reflecting their cultural beliefs and values

Question 13

identity

Answer 13

the ways in which humans make sense of themselves and how they wish to be viewed by others

Question 14

sequent occupancy

Answer 14

the notion that successive societies leave behind their cultural imprint, a collection of evidence about human character and experiences within a geographic region, which shapes the cultural landscape

Question 15

ethnicity

Answer 15

the state belonging to a group of people who share common cultural characteristics

Question 16

ethnic neighborhoods

Answer 16

a cultural landscape within a community of people outside of their area of origin

Question 17

traditional architecture

Answer 17

an established building style of different cultures, religions, and places

Question 18

postmodern architecture

Answer 18

a building style that emerged as a reaction to “modern” designs, and values diversity in design

Question 19

religion

Answer 19

a system of spiritual beliefs that helps form cultural perceptions, attitudes, beliefs, and values

Question 20

pilgrimage

Answer 20

a journey to a holy place for spiritual reasons

Question 21

language

Answer 21

a distinct system of communication that is the carrier of human thoughts and cultural identities

Question 22

toponyms

Answer 22

a place name

Question 23

gendered spaces

Answer 23

a space designed and deliberately incorporated into the landscape to accommodate gender roles

Question 24

third place

Answer 24

a communal space that is separate from home (first place) or work (second place)

Question 25

sense of place

Answer 25

the subjective feelings and memories people associate with a geographic location

Question 26

placemaking

Answer 26

a community-driven process in which people collaborate to create a place where they can live, work, play, and learn

Question 27

relocation diffussion

Answer 27

the spread of ideas and cultural traits through migration

Question 28

dialects

Answer 28

a variation of a standard language specific to a general area, with differences in pronunciation, degree of rapidity in speech, word choice, and spelling

Question 29

adherents

Answer 29

a person who is loyal to a belief, religion, or organization

Question 30

denominations

Answer 30

a separate church organization that unites a number of local congregations

Question 31

sect

Answer 31

a relatively small group that has separated from an established denomination

Question 32

centripetal force

Answer 32

a force that unites a group of peopl

Question 33

centrifugal force

Answer 33

a force that divides a group of people

Question 34

gentrification

Answer 34

the process whereby the character of a poor urban area is changed by wealthier people moving in

Question 35

cultural hearth

Answer 35

an area where cultural traits develop and from which cultural traits diffuse

Question 36

diffusion

Answer 36

the process by which a cultural trait spreads from one place to another over time

Question 37

expansion diffusion

Answer 37

the spread of a cultural trait outward from where it originated

Question 38

contagious diffusion

Answer 38

the process by which an idea or cultural trait spreads rapidly among people of all social classes and levels of power

Question 39

hierarchical diffusion

Answer 39

the spread of an idea or trait from a person or place of power or authority to other people or places

Question 40

stimulus diffusion

Answer 40

the process by which a cultural trait or idea spreads to another culture or region but is modified to adapt to the new culture

Question 41

lingua franca

Answer 41

common language used among speakers of different languages

Question 42

creolization

Answer 42

the blending of two or more languages that may not include the features of either original language

Question 43

cultural convergence

Answer 43

the process by which cultures become more similar through interaction

Question 44

cultural divergence

Answer 44

the process by which cultures become less similar due to conflicting beliefs or other barriers

Question 45

acculturation

Answer 45

the process by which people within one culture adopt some of the traits of another while still retaining their own distinct culture

Question 46

assimilation

Answer 46

a category of acculturation in which the interaction of two cultures results in one culture adopting almost all of the customs, traditions, language, and other cultural traits of the other

Question 47

syncretism

Answer 47

process of innovation combining different cultural features into something new

Question 48

multiculturalism

Answer 48

a situation in which different cultures live together without assimilating

Question 49

collectivist cultures

Answer 49

a culture in which people are expected to conform to collective responsibility within the family and to be obedient to and respectful of elder family members

Question 50

cultural appropriation

Answer 50

the act of adopting elements of another culture

Question 51

language family

Answer 51

a group of languages that share a common ancestral language from a particular hearth, or region of origin

Question 52

isolate

Answer 52

a language that is unrelated to any other known language

Question 53

language branch

Answer 53

a collection of languages within a language family that share a common origin and separated from other branches in the same family several thousand years ago

Question 54

universalizing religions

Answer 54

a religion that tries to appeal to all humans and is open to membership by everyone (Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Sikhism)

Question 55

Christianity

Answer 55

based on the teachings of Jesus Christ that began in what is now the West Bank and Israel around the beginning of the common era and has spread to all continents

Question 56

Islam

Answer 56

based on the teachings of Muhammad that originated in the hearth of Mecca on the Arabian Peninsula in the seventh century

Question 57

Buddhism

Answer 57

(oldest u.r.) arose from a hearth in northeastern India some time between the mid-sixth and mid-fourth centuries B.C.E. and is based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, called the Buddha

Question 58

Sikhism

Answer 58

(newest u.r.) founded by Guru Nanak, who lived from 1469 to 1539, in the Punjab region of northwestern India

Question 59

Ethnic Religions

Answer 59

a religion that is closely tied with a particular ethnic group living in a particular place ( Hinduism, Judaism, Shintoism)

Question 60

Hinduism

Answer 60

arose a few thousand years ago in South Asia and is closely tied to India

Question 61

Judaism

Answer 61

world’s first monotheistic religion, which developed among the Hebrew people of Southwest Asia about 4,000 years ago

Question 62

secularized

Answer 62

focused on worldly rather than spiritual concerns (Jews that identify through ethnicity/ culture, not the religion)