Unit 3 CVD Powerpoint Flashcards by student nursing

How do vessels contribute to overall health

Transporting blood for metabolic activities

Transporting waste

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what desease has these clinical manifestations?

Headaches                                 
Chest pain
Vision changes
Shortness of breath
Renal dysfunction
dizzines
fatigue
nosebleeds

Hypertension

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Medical Management –
Diagnosis

Two or more bp readings on >2 office visits

Hypertension

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Medical Management – Treatment
Lifestyle changes
Medications

Hypertension

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Medical Management – Medications

Diuretics
Antihypertensives

Hypertension

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Lifestyle Management
Weight
Diet 
Alcohol consumption
Exercise
Stress

Hypertension

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what disease has this

Complications
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Systolic dysfunction
Renal failure
Stroke
Hypertensive crisis

Hypertension

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what disease has this

assessment and analysis

typically no symptoms until disease is advanced

Hypertension

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Nursing Management – Nursing diagnoses

Risk for ineffective therapeutic regimen management
Risk for decreased cardiac output

Hypertension

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Nursing Interventions – Assessments

Neurological assessment
Blood pressure
Examination of optic fundi
Auscultation for bruits 
Palpation for edema and pulses
Labs 
B M I and waist circumference

Hypertension

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Nursing Interventions – Actions

Administer medications as ordered
Provide DASH diet

Hypertension

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Nursing Interventions – Teaching

Adherence to medication regimen
Adherence to lifestyle changes
Monitor blood pressure at home
Signs and symptoms of complications

Hypertension

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Nursing Management – Evaluating care outcomes
Increased energy
Absence of energy, headache, dizziness, vision changes

Hypertension

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what disease has this

Involves progressive narrowing and degeneration of arteries of upper and lower extremities

Atherosclerosis is leading cause in majority of cases

Patients with PAD are more likely to have coronary artery disease and/or cerebral artery disease

Peripheral Artery Disease

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Epidemiology;

Majority are 65 years or older
African Americans are affected more often than any other group

Peripheral Arterial Disease

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Pathophysiology;

Progressive and chronic condition
Obstruction of blood flow through the large peripheral arteries causes arterial occlusion

Peripheral Arterial Disease

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Risk Factors;

Atherosclerosis 
Smoking
Hypertension
Diabetes
Dyslipidemia
Sedentary lifestyle
Ineffective stress management

Peripheral Arterial Disease

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Description

may affect
Iliac artery
Femoral artery
Popliteal artery 
Tibial artery 
Peroneal artery

Peripheral Arterial Disease

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Clinical Manifestations;

Intermittent claudication

Peripheral Arterial Disease

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what disease has this

Medical Management – Diagnosis

Ankle-brachial index

Peripheral Arterial Disease

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Medical Management – Treatment;

Prevent progression of disease
Manage symptoms

Peripheral Arterial Disease

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Medical Management – Medications;

Antihypertensives
Antiplatelets
Statins

Peripheral Arterial Disease

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Surgical Management;

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty
Laser-assisted angioplasty
Rotational artherectomy

Peripheral Arterial Disease

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Complications;

Critical limb ischemia
Acute limb ischemia 
Atrophy of skin and underlying muscles
Delayed healing
Wound infection
Tissue necrosis 
Arterial ulcers

Peripheral Arterial Disease

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what disease has this Nursing Management – Assessment and analysis; Manifestations depend on tissues involved and severity of altered blood flow

Peripheral Arterial Disease

what disease has this Nursing Management – Nursing diagnoses; Ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion Risk for impaired skin integrity Chronic pain

Peripheral Arterial Disease

what disease has this Nursing Interventions – Assessments; ``` Bilateral blood pressures Palpate all pulses in both legs Visual assessment of feet and limbs Temperature of extremities Assess bilateral muscle tone Pain ```

Peripheral Arterial Disease

what disease has this Nursing Interventions – Actions; Administer medications as ordered Proper positioning

Peripheral Arterial Disease

what disease has this Nursing Interventions – Teaching; Positioning Inspect feet daily Report chest discomfort Lifestyle changes

Peripheral Arterial Disease

what disease has this Nursing Management – Evaluating care outcomes; Pain free Able to participate in normal activities

Peripheral Arterial Disease

what disease has this Epidemiology; Prevalent in 16.5 million people over age 20 Most common cause of heart disease Incidence increases with age Racial and gender differences

Coronary Artery Disease

what disease has this Risk Factors; Modifiable Increased total cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, smoking, physical activity Nonmodifiable Gender, race, heredity, age

Coronary Artery Disease

what disease has this Pathophysiology; Atherosclerosis forms and occludes coronary arteries * Unstable angina * Myocardial infarction * Sudden cardiac death Reduced blood flow through coronary microvasculature *Ischemic symptoms

Coronary Artery Disease

in what stage of atherosclerosis do lipids accumulate and migrate into smooth muscle cells

fatty streak

in what stage of atherosclerosis do collegen cover the fatty streak vessel lumen is narrowed blood flow is reduced fissures can develop

fibrous plaque

in what stage of atherosclerosis do you see plaque rupture thrombus formation further narrowing or total occlusion of vessel

complicated lesion

in what stage of atherosclerosis do you see damaged endothelium due to ``` hypertension tobacco use toxins infections diabetes hyperhomocysteinemia hyperlipidemia ```

chronic endothelial injury

what disease has this Etiology and Pathophysiology; Collateral circulation Arterial anastomoses (or connections) within the coronary circulation Increased with chronic ischemia May be inadequate with rapid-onset CAD

Coronary Artery Disease

what disease has this Clinical Manifestations; Stable angina Unstable angina Prinzmetal’s angina

Coronary Artery Disease

what disease has this Lack of oxygen and glucose leads to anaerobic metabolism Lactic acid irritates nerve fibers → pain in cardiac nerves Referred pain from transmission to the upper thoracic posterior nerve roots

Angina

what disease has this Etiology and Pathophysiology Deterioration of once stable plague Rupture Platelet aggregation Thrombus

Acute Coronary Syndrome

what disease has this Medical Management – Medications; Stop aggregation of blood components to endothelium Control factors leading to endothelial damage Relief of symptoms

Coronary Artery Disease

what disease has this Surgical Management; Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty Coronary artery bypass graft

Coronary Artery Disease

what disease has this Nursing Management: Prevention and early treatment Manage high-risk persons by controlling modifiable risk factors Encourage lifestyle changes * Education * Clarify personal values * Set realistic goals Identification of people at high risk * Health history, including family history * Presence of cardiovascular symptoms * Environmental patterns: diet, activity * Psychosocial history * Values and beliefs about health and illness

Coronary Artery Disease

what disease has this Nursing Management; ``` Nutritional therapy ↓ Saturated fats and cholesterol ↑ Complex carbohydrates and fiber ↓ Red meat, egg yolks, whole milk ↑Omega-3 fatty acids ```

Coronary Artery Disease

what disease has this Complications; Myocardial infarction

Coronary Artery Disease

what disease has this Gerontologic Considerations; Increased incidence and mortality associated with CAD in older adults Strategies to reduce risk and treat CAD are effective Treat hypertension, ↑lipids Smoking cessation

Coronary Artery Disease

what disease has this Assessment and analysis; Careful assessment of chest pain Be mindful of nonspecific symptoms

Coronary Artery Disease

what disease has this Nursing diagnoses; Decreased tissue perfusion

Coronary Artery Disease

what disease has this Interventions – Assessments; ``` Vital signs Pain Electrocardiogram Physical assessment Patient history Recreational drug use Depression screening Laboratory values ```

Coronary Artery Disease

what disease has this Nursing Interventions – Actions; Administer oxygen Obtain E C G Administer medications as ordered

Coronary Artery Disease

what disease has this Nursing Interventions – Actions after P C I; ``` Cardiac catheterization care Report and treat chest pain immediately Administer anticoagulants Maintain fluids Maintain bedrest ```

Coronary Artery Disease

what disease has this Nursing Interventions – Teaching; ``` Medication regimen Angina management Bleeding precautions Risk factor reduction When to call emergency services Encourage cardiac rehabilitation ```

Coronary Artery Disease

what disease has this Evaluating care outcomes Comply with medication therapy Maintain healthy diet Limit alcohol Engage in regular exercise

Coronary Artery Disease

what disease has this Risk Factors; C A D, hypertension, D M, metabolic syndrome, obesity, smoking, high sodium intake

Heart Failure

what disease has this Pathophysiology; Myocardial cell dysfunction Inability of heart to meet needs of body

Heart Failure

what disease has this Medical Management – Treatment; Reduction of risk factors Manipulation of cardiac output

Heart Failure

what disease has this Medical Management – Medications; ``` Beta blockers Aldosterone antagonist diuretics A C E inhibitors Calcium channel blockers Digoxin ```

Heart Failure

what disease has this Surgical Management; Internal cardiac defibrillator Ventricular assist device

Heart Failure

what disease has this Self-Management; Symptom monitoring Medication adherence Lifestyle changes

Heart Failure

what disease has this Complications; Pulmonary edema Renal failure

Heart Failure

what disease has this Assessment and analysis; Signs and symptoms related to weakened cardiac contraction, decreased cardiac output, back up of blood, poor peripheral perfusion

Heart Failure

what disease has this Interventions – Assessments; * Vital signs * Breath sounds * Monitor rate and rhythm * Skin color, temperature, *peripheral pulses * Dry, persistent cough * Activity intolerance * Urine output * Daily weight * Laboratory data * Depression screening * Social support

Heart Failure

what disease has this Nursing diagnoses; Impaired oxygenation Decreased cardiac output Ineffective peripheral perfusion

Heart Failure

what disease has this Interventions – Actions; Oxygen therapy Elevate head of bed Administer medication as ordered Fluid and sodium restriction

Heart Failure

what disease has this Interventions – Teaching; ``` Medication management Maintain activity as tolerated Low-salt diet Daily weight Cardiac rehabilitation Signs and symptoms of worsening heart failure ```

Heart Failure

what disease has this Evaluating care outcomes; Reduced dyspnea Absence of fatigue Participates in activities of daily living Reduced hospitalizations

Heart Failure

what disease has this

Heart Failure

what disease has this Risk Factors; ``` Smoking Hypertension Diabetes Dyslipidemia Sedentary lifestyle Obesity Ineffective stress management ```

Carotid Artery Disease

what disease has this Pathophysiology; Vessel wall thickening and plaque formation occluding blood in carotid artery

Carotid Artery Disease

what disease has this Clinical Manifestations; Asymptomatic until cerebral perfusion is impaired Stroke or T I A

Carotid Artery Disease

what disease has this Diagnosis; ``` Carotid bruit Carotid duplex scan Computed tomography angiography Magnetic resonance imaging Carotid angiography ```

Carotid Artery Disease

what disease has this Medications; Optimal medical therapy Healthy lifestyle changes Management of comorbidities

Carotid Artery Disease

what disease has this Surgical Management; Carotid endardectomy Carotid artery stenting

Carotid Artery Disease

what disease has this Assessment and analysis; ``` Symptoms of stroke Slurred words Weakness Severe headache Sudden vision loss Facial droop Dizziness ```

Carotid Artery Disease

what disease has this Nursing diagnoses; Risk for ineffective tissue perfusion Anxiety

Carotid Artery Disease

what disease has this Intervention Assessments; ``` Vital signs Neurological assessment Auscultation of carotid arteries Stroke history Signs of stroke ```

Carotid Artery Disease

what disease has this Interventions – Assessments; Postprocedure CEA/CAS Respiratory rate, SpO2, stridor, tracheal deviation Vital signs, HR, BP Post-CEA—Cranial nerves, specifically VII, X, XI, and XII Post-CAS—Renal function

Carotid Artery Disease

what disease has this Interventions – Actions; Administer medications as ordered Manage diabetes

Carotid Artery Disease

what disease has this Interventions – Actions; Postprocedure CEA/CAS Keep systolic blood pressure strictly within ordered parameters If patient is hypotensive: Reposition patient flat Anticipate orders for vasoactive drips or intravenous fluid bolus If patient is hypertensive: Maintain head of the bed at 30 degrees Post-CEA—Keep head in neutral position Post-CAS - Encourage fluid intake/Maintain IV fluids

Carotid Artery Disease

what disease has this Nursing Interventions – Teaching; Clinical manifestations of stroke Lifestyle changes

Carotid Artery Disease

what disease has this Risk Factors; ``` Family history Advanced age Male gender Smoking Atherosclerosis Hypertension High cholesterol Known C A D Genetic/metabolic abnormalities ```