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Biology 30 > Unit 3- DNA, RNA, and Biotechnology > Flashcards

Unit 3- DNA, RNA, and Biotechnology Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Cell cycle

A

Regular sequence of growth and division that cell undergo

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2
Q

Mitosis

A

Stage in the cell cycle where 1 thing of DNA is equally distributed between 2 identical daughter cells.

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3
Q

Meiosis

A

A cell division where chromosome numbers are reduced by half and the daughter cells are destruct genetically from their parents.

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4
Q

G1 phase

A

Spindle fibers dissolve and the nucleus reforms around each set of chromosomes.

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5
Q

G2 phase

A

Cells continue normal function and more growth, things must be in order before the next stage.

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6
Q

S phase

A

Cells are copying their nuclear DNA, before this stage DNA is stored loosely and stage S organizes it in the nucleus in 2 complete DNA sets.

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7
Q

(Mitosis)
Prophase

A

Chromatin condenses, nucleus breaks down, centrioles move apart, spindles form

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8
Q

(Mitosis)
Metaphase

A

Chromosomes are pulled to the center of the cell.

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9
Q

(Mitosis)
Anaphase

A

Chromosomes are pulled apart at the centromere with each sister chromatid moving to opposite sides of the cell

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10
Q

(Mitosis)
Telophase

A

Spindle fibers dissolve and the nucleus reforms around each set of chromosomes.

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11
Q

Purines

A

An organic molecule that has a DOUBLE ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms
(adenine and guanine)

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12
Q

Pyrimidines

A

An organic molecule that has a SINGLE ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms.
(ThYmine and cYtosine)

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13
Q

Nucleotides

A

A monomer of DNA and RNA consisting of a nitrogen base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.

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14
Q

Replication

A

Copying DNA in a cell

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15
Q

Transcription

A

Genetic information is copied from DNA to RNA.

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16
Q

Translation

A

The process of genetics codes (nucleotides in RNA) —> amino acids —-> proteins

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17
Q

Codon

A

a sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule

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18
Q

mRNA

A

(Messenger RNA) it Carrie’s genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell during transcription.

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19
Q

tRNA

A

(Transfer RNA) A single chain of nucleotides fold into the shape of a bobby-pin and bind to certain amino acids.

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20
Q

rRNA

A

(Ribosomal RNA) is globular forms of RNA nucleotides. Proteins join the RNA to make up the ribosomes where protein is made.

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21
Q

Protein synthesis

A

Proteins carry out genetic instructions encoded in a organisms DNA. They are made of sequences of amino acids linked together with peptide bonds.

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22
Q

Recombinant DNA/ genetic engineering

A

A segment of DNA from at least 2 different organisms. Applied genetics where a scientist manipulates genes directly.

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23
Q

Mutagenesis

A

Genetic information of an organism is changed by mutation. Mutation is changing the DNA sequence.

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24
Q

Cloning

A

Making a genetically identical copy of a single gene or organism.

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25
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A technique used to quickly make many copies of selected segments of DNA.
26
Artificial selection
When humans change certain traits to modify a species artificially
27
Gene therapy
Treating a genetic disorder by introducing a gene into a cell or by correcting a gene defect
28
Stem cells
A cell that can divide for long periods of time while remaining the same. Also can become any cell that is already present in blood.
29
What do nucleotides contain
Nucleotides contain a sugar molecule, which is attached to a phosphate group, and has a nitrogen containing base.
30
Base pairing for DNA
AT Crazy Girl A-T T-A C-G G-C
31
Base pairing RNA
Au Crazy Girl A-U T-A C-G G-C
32
Mitosis vs meiosis ( 12 points)
PURPOSE Mitosis- creates 2 identical daughter cells to increase number of cells in the body, and for growth and repair. Meiosis-To produce gametes with half the genetics of a parent cell, genetic diversity. REPRODUCTION TYPE Mitosis-Asexual Meiosis-Sexual reproduction DAUGHTER CELLS PRODUCED Mitosis-2 daughter cells(diploid) Meiosis-4 daughter cells(haploid) DIVISION NUMBERS Mitosis-1 cell division Meiosis-2 cell divisions IDENTICAL OR NOT COMPARED TO EACHOTHER Mitosis- Identiacal Meiosis- Different CONTAINS HOMOLOGOUS CHROMSOMES Mitosis-doesn’t contain homologous chromosomes Meiosis-does contain homologous chromosomes CHROMATIN CONDENSES Mitosis-yes chromatin condenses Meiosis-yes chromatin condenses CELL TYPES PRODUCED Mitosis-2 identical body cells Meiosis- 4 gamete sex cells DAUGHTER VS PARENT CELLS Mitosis-identical daughter cell to parent cell Meiosis-different daughter cell to parent cell HAPLOID OR DIPLOID Mitosis-diploid Meiosis-haploid CROSSING OVER Mitosis-crossing over doesn’t occur Meiosis-crossing over does occur INTERPHASE Mitosis-occurs before mitosis Meiosis-occurs before meiosis
33
Benefits of GMOs
-Produce more food -Cost less -Have no known risks from eating -Easier to grow food because you can modify them around problems.
34
Concerns of GMOs (6 points)
-Modified and not natural -How far is this gonna go until they aren’t even crops anymore -This may cause a health problem (unknown) -Allergies -Gene transfer -Outcrossing
35
DNA vs RNA (6 points)
FUNCTION -DNA recreates and stores genetic information. It is a blueprint for all genetic information contained within an organism. RNA converts the genetic information contained within DNA to build proteins, and then moves it to ribosomal protein factories. STRUCTURE -DNA is a double helix made by 2 strand , RNA is 1 strand SUGAR -DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose sugars. BASES & BASE PAIRS -DNA is Adenine-Thymine Guanine-Cytosine (A,T,G,C) -RNA Adenine-Uracil Cytosine-Guanine (A,U,C,G) BOTH -Made with nucleotides -Both have 4 nitrogen bases -
36
Crossing over (when does it occur)
When 2 homologous chromosomes pair together and they cross each other. Some of their segments break off and reattach to the other chromosome. This is how sibling look different because crossing over can many many different gene combinations. This happened in prophase 1.
37
(Mitosis)
Prophase
38
(Mitosis)
Metaphase
39
(Mitosis)
Anaphase
40
(Mitosis)
Telophase
41
(Meiosis)
Prophase 1
42
(Meiosis)
Metaphase 1
43
(Meiosis)
Anaphase 1
44
(Meiosis)
Telophase 1
45
(Meiosis)
Prophase 2
46
(Meiosis)
Metaphase 2
47
(Meiosis)
Anaphase 2
48
(Meiosis)
Telophase 2
49
(Meiosis and Mitosis)
Interphase
50
(Meiosis and Mitosis)
Cytokinesis
51
(Meiosis) Prophase 1
Nucleus breaks down, chromatin condenses into chromosomes, homologous chromosomes pair up, and crossing over occurs
52
(Meiosis) Metaphase 1
pairs of homologous chromosomes line up at the center of the cell
53
(Meiosis) Anaphase 1
Homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides of the cell.
54
(Meiosis) Telophase 1
Spindle fibers dissolve and new nuclei from around the cell.
55
(Meiosis) Prophase 2
Nucleus breaks down and chromatin condenses into chromosomes
56
(Meiosis) Metaphase 2
When individual chromosomes line up at the center of the cell
57
(Meiosis) Anaphase 2
Chromosomes are split at the centromere and the individual chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell
58
(Meiosis) Telophase 2
Spindle fibers dissolve and new nuclei from around the chromosomes.
59
Interphase (Mitosis & Meiosis)
A stage in the cell cycle when the cell copies it’s DNA, the cell grows, and the cell prepares to divide.
60
Cytokinesis
The last stage in the cell cycle when the cytoplasm of the cell divides

Biology 30 (6 decks)

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