Unit 3 Exam

Question 1

Name and describe the four membranes found in the amniotic egg

Answer 1

a. Chorion membrane- allows gas exchange, but retains water
b. Amnion- encases embryo in fluid
c. Yolk sac- provides food for the embryo
d. Allantois- surrounds waste cavity to prevent embryonic environment from becoming toxic

Question 2

Define Circadian rhythm

Answer 2

Pattern of activity and inactivity over the course of a day

Question 3

Name the reptilian orders

Answer 3

Squamata - lizards and snakes

Testudines - turtles, tortoises

Rhynocephalian- primitive 3rd eye

Crocodilia - alligators, crocodiles, gharials

Question 4

What’s the difference between alligators and crocodiles?

Answer 4

a. Crocodiles have one, large tooth pointing upwards that is easily distinguishable, alligators do not

Question 5

Characteristics of class Aves

Answer 5

• Feathers
• Light, fused bones
• Efficient respiration and circulation (four-chambered heart and ventilation
• Endothermic

Question 6

Name and describe the bird orders

Answer 6

Passeriformes - perching birds

Falconiformes - falcons

Accipitriformes - eagles, hawks

Strigiformes - owls

Anseriformes - ducks, geese, swans

Galliformes - turckey, quail, pheasant, partridge, grouse

Question 7

Which bird order has the most terrestrial species?

Answer 7

Passeriformes

Question 8

What is a lek?

Answer 8

A communal, promiscuous breeding ground where a group of males gather to attract females. The most dominant male get the best territory

Question 9

Characteristics of class mammalia

Answer 9

a. Hair and milk
b. 4 chambered heart
c. Endothermic
d. muscular diaphragm

Question 10

Hindgut vs foregut fermenters

Answer 10

Hindgut fermenters - probiotic bacteria found in enlarged cecum and colon
Foregut fermenters - cellulose-digesting bacteria found in stomach, cud regurgitated. Have a rumen

Question 11

What the difference between a horn and an antler

Answer 11

Horn - bony structure with keratin shell, not normally shed

Antler - bony structure. Forms with skin and fur on the outside that eventually fall off. Annually shed

Question 12

Define Eutheria

Answer 12

Latin for “true mammals”

Question 13

Name two groups of venomous mammals

Answer 13

Echidna, platypus (prototheria, order monotermata)

Question 14

Which mammalian order has the most species?

Answer 14

rodentia

Question 15

What is the largest rodent?

Answer 15

Capybara

Question 16

What does chiroptera mean?

Answer 16

Latin for wing hand

Question 17

Name the different types of mating systems

Answer 17

a. Monogamy- individuals have one sexual partner either for life or for the duration of the mating season
b. Polyandry- One female mates with multiple males
c. Polygyny- one male mates with multiple females

Question 18

Whats the difference between obligate and faculative mating systems

Answer 18

In facultative monogamy, monogamous pairs only occur when resources are poor. In obligate monogamy, a species will be monogamous no matter the external conditions

Question 19

Name and define the 6 types of interspecific associations

Answer 19

a. Mutualism – both individuals benefit from the interaction. Ex plants and mycorrhizae
b. Predation/parasitism – One individual benefits from the interaction the other is negatively affected. Ex. bear and salmon
c. Commensalism – one individual is benefitted while there is no effect on the other. Ex. cowbirds and buffalo
d. Competition – Both individuals are negatively affected by the interaction. Ex. lion and hyena
e. Ammensalism – One species is not affected by the interaction while the other is harmed. Ex. Deer stepping on an ant
f. Neutralism – Interaction has no effect on either species. Ex. Barnacle and a shorebird

Question 20

What are some adaptations related to predation

Answer 20

Animals:

1. Teeth
2. Spines
3. Cryptic coloration (camouflage)
4. Mimicry

Plants:

1. Thorns
2. Tannins
3. Silica

Question 21

What are the two types of mimcry

Answer 21

Batesian mimicry - a dangerous or harmful individual is mimicked by a harmless one

Mullerian mimicry - two unrelated harmful or dangerous individuals closely resemble each other

Question 22

Define aposematic

Answer 22

Aposematism - displaying warning colorations to predators

Question 23

What are three types of competition?

Answer 23

a. Exploitative- Competition results from a race to get to a limited resource first
b. Interference – competition results from one species preventing another from having access to a resource
c. Apparent – Indirect competition mediated through a third species

Question 24

Define niche

Answer 24

Niche is the role of an animal in an ecosystem

Question 25

Costs and benefits of group living

Answer 25

Benefits to group living: a. Decreased predation b. increased likelihood of finding a mate c. Working together to hunt Costs: a. Less resource availability b. Competition for mates c. Increase spread of disease

Question 26

Does true altruism exist in nature?

Answer 26

No

Question 27

Define reprocity

Answer 27

sharing behavior occurring between individuals. Sharing only occurs if reciprocated. i.e. if you share with me, I’ll share with you

Question 28

Define kin selection theory

Answer 28

An animal is more likely to engage in altruistic behavior if it is more closely related to others. Natural selection favors altruistic behavior in this case because individual fitness decreases, but inclusive fitness increases

Question 29

What are the four modes of communication discussed in class?

Answer 29

a. smell – pheromones communicate identity and sexual state, more common in polygamous species. Ex insects finding mates b. sound – can travel longer distances than other modes. Ex dispersing wolves finding a range c. vision – short-distance mode of communication. Ex tail flagging d. tactile – communication through grooming. Ex primates grooming

Question 30

Describe agonistic behavior

Answer 30

Can be offensive, defensive, submissive, territorial - dominance behavior -dominant males will have the most access to food and mates Sneaker male strategy - act as a female to be protected by a bigger male and gain access to females

Question 31

Describe echolocation

Answer 31

Echolocation uses reflected sound waves to detect prey. Used by bats, whales and insectivores. When using echolocation, __short___ (long/short) sound wavelengths are best for catching smaller prey.

Question 32

Describe mule deer dispersal

Answer 32

Male and female deer disperse at the same rate, suggesting that this trait is learned from the mother. Babies stay with the mother until they are driven off when she has more babies. Some exhibit migratory behavior, some do not.

Question 33

Dispersal and Migration patterns

Answer 33

Brief migrant - migrates for a short time Asynchronous migrant - migrates at an unusual time of year Gradual migrant - migrates gradually Commuting migrate - migrates to and from migration range multiple times Multi-range migrant (1 trip) - has multiple ranges it stays in over the period of one migration event Multi-range migrant (>1 trip) - Has multiple ranges it visits on multiple trips

Question 34

Describe ranging behavior

Answer 34

Ranging - forays outside the home range usually in search of suitable mates Natal dispersal - movement from a natal site to a site where repro occurs (typically sex biased)

Question 35

Describe Type 1, 2, and 3 survivorship curves

Answer 35

Type 1 - humans and other large mammals, high survivorship rates throughout childhood and middle-age, rapid decline in later life Type 2 - Roughly constant survival probability is experienced regardless of age. Birds Type 3 - Greatest mortality early in life, with relatively low rates of death for those surviving this bottleneck. Oysters

Question 36

Proximate vs ultimate causes of migration / dispersal

Answer 36

Proximate causes a) forced out by parents or social group b) involuntary response to increased testosterone Ultimate causes a) avoidance of inbreeding b) reduction of competition with relatives c) Increased access to potential mates

Question 37

Describe the theory of ideal free distribution

Answer 37

Theory states that individuals in a population will occupy the highest quality habitat until a threshold is reached where fitness is increased by moving into a lower quality, less populated habitat